diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/virtual')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/virtual/lguest/.gitignore | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/virtual/lguest/Makefile | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/virtual/lguest/extract | 58 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.c | 2065 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.txt | 129 |
5 files changed, 0 insertions, 2261 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/.gitignore b/Documentation/virtual/lguest/.gitignore deleted file mode 100644 index 115587fd5f6..00000000000 --- a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/.gitignore +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -lguest diff --git a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/Makefile b/Documentation/virtual/lguest/Makefile deleted file mode 100644 index 0ac34206f7a..00000000000 --- a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/Makefile +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# This creates the demonstration utility "lguest" which runs a Linux guest. -# Missing headers? Add "-I../../../include -I../../../arch/x86/include" -CFLAGS:=-m32 -Wall -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -O3 -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE - -all: lguest - -clean: - rm -f lguest diff --git a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/extract b/Documentation/virtual/lguest/extract deleted file mode 100644 index 7730bb6e4b9..00000000000 --- a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/extract +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -#! /bin/sh - -set -e - -PREFIX=$1 -shift - -trap 'rm -r $TMPDIR' 0 -TMPDIR=`mktemp -d` - -exec 3>/dev/null -for f; do - while IFS=" -" read -r LINE; do - case "$LINE" in - *$PREFIX:[0-9]*:\**) - NUM=`echo "$LINE" | sed "s/.*$PREFIX:\([0-9]*\).*/\1/"` - if [ -f $TMPDIR/$NUM ]; then - echo "$TMPDIR/$NUM already exits prior to $f" - exit 1 - fi - exec 3>>$TMPDIR/$NUM - echo $f | sed 's,\.\./,,g' > $TMPDIR/.$NUM - /bin/echo "$LINE" | sed -e "s/$PREFIX:[0-9]*//" -e "s/:\*/*/" >&3 - ;; - *$PREFIX:[0-9]*) - NUM=`echo "$LINE" | sed "s/.*$PREFIX:\([0-9]*\).*/\1/"` - if [ -f $TMPDIR/$NUM ]; then - echo "$TMPDIR/$NUM already exits prior to $f" - exit 1 - fi - exec 3>>$TMPDIR/$NUM - echo $f | sed 's,\.\./,,g' > $TMPDIR/.$NUM - /bin/echo "$LINE" | sed "s/$PREFIX:[0-9]*//" >&3 - ;; - *:\**) - /bin/echo "$LINE" | sed -e "s/:\*/*/" -e "s,/\*\*/,," >&3 - echo >&3 - exec 3>/dev/null - ;; - *) - /bin/echo "$LINE" >&3 - ;; - esac - done < $f - echo >&3 - exec 3>/dev/null -done - -LASTFILE="" -for f in $TMPDIR/*; do - if [ "$LASTFILE" != $(cat $TMPDIR/.$(basename $f) ) ]; then - LASTFILE=$(cat $TMPDIR/.$(basename $f) ) - echo "[ $LASTFILE ]" - fi - cat $f -done - diff --git a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.c b/Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.c deleted file mode 100644 index c095d79cae7..00000000000 --- a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2065 +0,0 @@ -/*P:100 - * This is the Launcher code, a simple program which lays out the "physical" - * memory for the new Guest by mapping the kernel image and the virtual - * devices, then opens /dev/lguest to tell the kernel about the Guest and - * control it. -:*/ -#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -#define _GNU_SOURCE -#include <stdio.h> -#include <string.h> -#include <unistd.h> -#include <err.h> -#include <stdint.h> -#include <stdlib.h> -#include <elf.h> -#include <sys/mman.h> -#include <sys/param.h> -#include <sys/types.h> -#include <sys/stat.h> -#include <sys/wait.h> -#include <sys/eventfd.h> -#include <fcntl.h> -#include <stdbool.h> -#include <errno.h> -#include <ctype.h> -#include <sys/socket.h> -#include <sys/ioctl.h> -#include <sys/time.h> -#include <time.h> -#include <netinet/in.h> -#include <net/if.h> -#include <linux/sockios.h> -#include <linux/if_tun.h> -#include <sys/uio.h> -#include <termios.h> -#include <getopt.h> -#include <assert.h> -#include <sched.h> -#include <limits.h> -#include <stddef.h> -#include <signal.h> -#include <pwd.h> -#include <grp.h> - -#include <linux/virtio_config.h> -#include <linux/virtio_net.h> -#include <linux/virtio_blk.h> -#include <linux/virtio_console.h> -#include <linux/virtio_rng.h> -#include <linux/virtio_ring.h> -#include <asm/bootparam.h> -#include "../../../include/linux/lguest_launcher.h" -/*L:110 - * We can ignore the 43 include files we need for this program, but I do want - * to draw attention to the use of kernel-style types. - * - * As Linus said, "C is a Spartan language, and so should your naming be." I - * like these abbreviations, so we define them here. Note that u64 is always - * unsigned long long, which works on all Linux systems: this means that we can - * use %llu in printf for any u64. - */ -typedef unsigned long long u64; -typedef uint32_t u32; -typedef uint16_t u16; -typedef uint8_t u8; -/*:*/ - -#define BRIDGE_PFX "bridge:" -#ifndef SIOCBRADDIF -#define SIOCBRADDIF 0x89a2 /* add interface to bridge */ -#endif -/* We can have up to 256 pages for devices. */ -#define DEVICE_PAGES 256 -/* This will occupy 3 pages: it must be a power of 2. */ -#define VIRTQUEUE_NUM 256 - -/*L:120 - * verbose is both a global flag and a macro. The C preprocessor allows - * this, and although I wouldn't recommend it, it works quite nicely here. - */ -static bool verbose; -#define verbose(args...) \ - do { if (verbose) printf(args); } while(0) -/*:*/ - -/* The pointer to the start of guest memory. */ -static void *guest_base; -/* The maximum guest physical address allowed, and maximum possible. */ -static unsigned long guest_limit, guest_max; -/* The /dev/lguest file descriptor. */ -static int lguest_fd; - -/* a per-cpu variable indicating whose vcpu is currently running */ -static unsigned int __thread cpu_id; - -/* This is our list of devices. */ -struct device_list { - /* Counter to assign interrupt numbers. */ - unsigned int next_irq; - - /* Counter to print out convenient device numbers. */ - unsigned int device_num; - - /* The descriptor page for the devices. */ - u8 *descpage; - - /* A single linked list of devices. */ - struct device *dev; - /* And a pointer to the last device for easy append. */ - struct device *lastdev; -}; - -/* The list of Guest devices, based on command line arguments. */ -static struct device_list devices; - -/* The device structure describes a single device. */ -struct device { - /* The linked-list pointer. */ - struct device *next; - - /* The device's descriptor, as mapped into the Guest. */ - struct lguest_device_desc *desc; - - /* We can't trust desc values once Guest has booted: we use these. */ - unsigned int feature_len; - unsigned int num_vq; - - /* The name of this device, for --verbose. */ - const char *name; - - /* Any queues attached to this device */ - struct virtqueue *vq; - - /* Is it operational */ - bool running; - - /* Device-specific data. */ - void *priv; -}; - -/* The virtqueue structure describes a queue attached to a device. */ -struct virtqueue { - struct virtqueue *next; - - /* Which device owns me. */ - struct device *dev; - - /* The configuration for this queue. */ - struct lguest_vqconfig config; - - /* The actual ring of buffers. */ - struct vring vring; - - /* Last available index we saw. */ - u16 last_avail_idx; - - /* How many are used since we sent last irq? */ - unsigned int pending_used; - - /* Eventfd where Guest notifications arrive. */ - int eventfd; - - /* Function for the thread which is servicing this virtqueue. */ - void (*service)(struct virtqueue *vq); - pid_t thread; -}; - -/* Remember the arguments to the program so we can "reboot" */ -static char **main_args; - -/* The original tty settings to restore on exit. */ -static struct termios orig_term; - -/* - * We have to be careful with barriers: our devices are all run in separate - * threads and so we need to make sure that changes visible to the Guest happen - * in precise order. - */ -#define wmb() __asm__ __volatile__("" : : : "memory") -#define mb() __asm__ __volatile__("" : : : "memory") - -/* - * Convert an iovec element to the given type. - * - * This is a fairly ugly trick: we need to know the size of the type and - * alignment requirement to check the pointer is kosher. It's also nice to - * have the name of the type in case we report failure. - * - * Typing those three things all the time is cumbersome and error prone, so we - * have a macro which sets them all up and passes to the real function. - */ -#define convert(iov, type) \ - ((type *)_convert((iov), sizeof(type), __alignof__(type), #type)) - -static void *_convert(struct iovec *iov, size_t size, size_t align, - const char *name) -{ - if (iov->iov_len != size) - errx(1, "Bad iovec size %zu for %s", iov->iov_len, name); - if ((unsigned long)iov->iov_base % align != 0) - errx(1, "Bad alignment %p for %s", iov->iov_base, name); - return iov->iov_base; -} - -/* Wrapper for the last available index. Makes it easier to change. */ -#define lg_last_avail(vq) ((vq)->last_avail_idx) - -/* - * The virtio configuration space is defined to be little-endian. x86 is - * little-endian too, but it's nice to be explicit so we have these helpers. - */ -#define cpu_to_le16(v16) (v16) -#define cpu_to_le32(v32) (v32) -#define cpu_to_le64(v64) (v64) -#define le16_to_cpu(v16) (v16) -#define le32_to_cpu(v32) (v32) -#define le64_to_cpu(v64) (v64) - -/* Is this iovec empty? */ -static bool iov_empty(const struct iovec iov[], unsigned int num_iov) -{ - unsigned int i; - - for (i = 0; i < num_iov; i++) - if (iov[i].iov_len) - return false; - return true; -} - -/* Take len bytes from the front of this iovec. */ -static void iov_consume(struct iovec iov[], unsigned num_iov, unsigned len) -{ - unsigned int i; - - for (i = 0; i < num_iov; i++) { - unsigned int used; - - used = iov[i].iov_len < len ? iov[i].iov_len : len; - iov[i].iov_base += used; - iov[i].iov_len -= used; - len -= used; - } - assert(len == 0); -} - -/* The device virtqueue descriptors are followed by feature bitmasks. */ -static u8 *get_feature_bits(struct device *dev) -{ - return (u8 *)(dev->desc + 1) - + dev->num_vq * sizeof(struct lguest_vqconfig); -} - -/*L:100 - * The Launcher code itself takes us out into userspace, that scary place where - * pointers run wild and free! Unfortunately, like most userspace programs, - * it's quite boring (which is why everyone likes to hack on the kernel!). - * Perhaps if you make up an Lguest Drinking Game at this point, it will get - * you through this section. Or, maybe not. - * - * The Launcher sets up a big chunk of memory to be the Guest's "physical" - * memory and stores it in "guest_base". In other words, Guest physical == - * Launcher virtual with an offset. - * - * This can be tough to get your head around, but usually it just means that we - * use these trivial conversion functions when the Guest gives us its - * "physical" addresses: - */ -static void *from_guest_phys(unsigned long addr) -{ - return guest_base + addr; -} - -static unsigned long to_guest_phys(const void *addr) -{ - return (addr - guest_base); -} - -/*L:130 - * Loading the Kernel. - * - * We start with couple of simple helper routines. open_or_die() avoids - * error-checking code cluttering the callers: - */ -static int open_or_die(const char *name, int flags) -{ - int fd = open(name, flags); - if (fd < 0) - err(1, "Failed to open %s", name); - return fd; -} - -/* map_zeroed_pages() takes a number of pages. */ -static void *map_zeroed_pages(unsigned int num) -{ - int fd = open_or_die("/dev/zero", O_RDONLY); - void *addr; - - /* - * We use a private mapping (ie. if we write to the page, it will be - * copied). We allocate an extra two pages PROT_NONE to act as guard - * pages against read/write attempts that exceed allocated space. - */ - addr = mmap(NULL, getpagesize() * (num+2), - PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); - - if (addr == MAP_FAILED) - err(1, "Mmapping %u pages of /dev/zero", num); - - if (mprotect(addr + getpagesize(), getpagesize() * num, - PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE) == -1) - err(1, "mprotect rw %u pages failed", num); - - /* - * One neat mmap feature is that you can close the fd, and it - * stays mapped. - */ - close(fd); - - /* Return address after PROT_NONE page */ - return addr + getpagesize(); -} - -/* Get some more pages for a device. */ -static void *get_pages(unsigned int num) -{ - void *addr = from_guest_phys(guest_limit); - - guest_limit += num * getpagesize(); - if (guest_limit > guest_max) - errx(1, "Not enough memory for devices"); - return addr; -} - -/* - * This routine is used to load the kernel or initrd. It tries mmap, but if - * that fails (Plan 9's kernel file isn't nicely aligned on page boundaries), - * it falls back to reading the memory in. - */ -static void map_at(int fd, void *addr, unsigned long offset, unsigned long len) -{ - ssize_t r; - - /* - * We map writable even though for some segments are marked read-only. - * The kernel really wants to be writable: it patches its own - * instructions. - * - * MAP_PRIVATE means that the page won't be copied until a write is - * done to it. This allows us to share untouched memory between - * Guests. - */ - if (mmap(addr, len, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, - MAP_FIXED|MAP_PRIVATE, fd, offset) != MAP_FAILED) - return; - - /* pread does a seek and a read in one shot: saves a few lines. */ - r = pread(fd, addr, len, offset); - if (r != len) - err(1, "Reading offset %lu len %lu gave %zi", offset, len, r); -} - -/* - * This routine takes an open vmlinux image, which is in ELF, and maps it into - * the Guest memory. ELF = Embedded Linking Format, which is the format used - * by all modern binaries on Linux including the kernel. - * - * The ELF headers give *two* addresses: a physical address, and a virtual - * address. We use the physical address; the Guest will map itself to the - * virtual address. - * - * We return the starting address. - */ -static unsigned long map_elf(int elf_fd, const Elf32_Ehdr *ehdr) -{ - Elf32_Phdr phdr[ehdr->e_phnum]; - unsigned int i; - - /* - * Sanity checks on the main ELF header: an x86 executable with a - * reasonable number of correctly-sized program headers. - */ - if (ehdr->e_type != ET_EXEC - || ehdr->e_machine != EM_386 - || ehdr->e_phentsize != sizeof(Elf32_Phdr) - || ehdr->e_phnum < 1 || ehdr->e_phnum > 65536U/sizeof(Elf32_Phdr)) - errx(1, "Malformed elf header"); - - /* - * An ELF executable contains an ELF header and a number of "program" - * headers which indicate which parts ("segments") of the program to - * load where. - */ - - /* We read in all the program headers at once: */ - if (lseek(elf_fd, ehdr->e_phoff, SEEK_SET) < 0) - err(1, "Seeking to program headers"); - if (read(elf_fd, phdr, sizeof(phdr)) != sizeof(phdr)) - err(1, "Reading program headers"); - - /* - * Try all the headers: there are usually only three. A read-only one, - * a read-write one, and a "note" section which we don't load. - */ - for (i = 0; i < ehdr->e_phnum; i++) { - /* If this isn't a loadable segment, we ignore it */ - if (phdr[i].p_type != PT_LOAD) - continue; - - verbose("Section %i: size %i addr %p\n", - i, phdr[i].p_memsz, (void *)phdr[i].p_paddr); - - /* We map this section of the file at its physical address. */ - map_at(elf_fd, from_guest_phys(phdr[i].p_paddr), - phdr[i].p_offset, phdr[i].p_filesz); - } - - /* The entry point is given in the ELF header. */ - return ehdr->e_entry; -} - -/*L:150 - * A bzImage, unlike an ELF file, is not meant to be loaded. You're supposed - * to jump into it and it will unpack itself. We used to have to perform some - * hairy magic because the unpacking code scared me. - * - * Fortunately, Jeremy Fitzhardinge convinced me it wasn't that hard and wrote - * a small patch to jump over the tricky bits in the Guest, so now we just read - * the funky header so we know where in the file to load, and away we go! - */ -static unsigned long load_bzimage(int fd) -{ - struct boot_params boot; - int r; - /* Modern bzImages get loaded at 1M. */ - void *p = from_guest_phys(0x100000); - - /* - * Go back to the start of the file and read the header. It should be - * a Linux boot header (see Documentation/x86/boot.txt) - */ - lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET); - read(fd, &boot, sizeof(boot)); - - /* Inside the setup_hdr, we expect the magic "HdrS" */ - if (memcmp(&boot.hdr.header, "HdrS", 4) != 0) - errx(1, "This doesn't look like a bzImage to me"); - - /* Skip over the extra sectors of the header. */ - lseek(fd, (boot.hdr.setup_sects+1) * 512, SEEK_SET); - - /* Now read everything into memory. in nice big chunks. */ - while ((r = read(fd, p, 65536)) > 0) - p += r; - - /* Finally, code32_start tells us where to enter the kernel. */ - return boot.hdr.code32_start; -} - -/*L:140 - * Loading the kernel is easy when it's a "vmlinux", but most kernels - * come wrapped up in the self-decompressing "bzImage" format. With a little - * work, we can load those, too. - */ -static unsigned long load_kernel(int fd) -{ - Elf32_Ehdr hdr; - - /* Read in the first few bytes. */ - if (read(fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr)) != sizeof(hdr)) - err(1, "Reading kernel"); - - /* If it's an ELF file, it starts with "\177ELF" */ - if (memcmp(hdr.e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG) == 0) - return map_elf(fd, &hdr); - - /* Otherwise we assume it's a bzImage, and try to load it. */ - return load_bzimage(fd); -} - -/* - * This is a trivial little helper to align pages. Andi Kleen hated it because - * it calls getpagesize() twice: "it's dumb code." - * - * Kernel guys get really het up about optimization, even when it's not - * necessary. I leave this code as a reaction against that. - */ -static inline unsigned long page_align(unsigned long addr) -{ - /* Add upwards and truncate downwards. */ - return ((addr + getpagesize()-1) & ~(getpagesize()-1)); -} - -/*L:180 - * An "initial ram disk" is a disk image loaded into memory along with the - * kernel which the kernel can use to boot from without needing any drivers. - * Most distributions now use this as standard: the initrd contains the code to - * load the appropriate driver modules for the current machine. - * - * Importantly, James Morris works for RedHat, and Fedora uses initrds for its - * kernels. He sent me this (and tells me when I break it). - */ -static unsigned long load_initrd(const char *name, unsigned long mem) -{ - int ifd; - struct stat st; - unsigned long len; - - ifd = open_or_die(name, O_RDONLY); - /* fstat() is needed to get the file size. */ - if (fstat(ifd, &st) < 0) - err(1, "fstat() on initrd '%s'", name); - - /* - * We map the initrd at the top of memory, but mmap wants it to be - * page-aligned, so we round the size up for that. - */ - len = page_align(st.st_size); - map_at(ifd, from_guest_phys(mem - len), 0, st.st_size); - /* - * Once a file is mapped, you can close the file descriptor. It's a - * little odd, but quite useful. - */ - close(ifd); - verbose("mapped initrd %s size=%lu @ %p\n", name, len, (void*)mem-len); - - /* We return the initrd size. */ - return len; -} -/*:*/ - -/* - * Simple routine to roll all the commandline arguments together with spaces - * between them. - */ -static void concat(char *dst, char *args[]) -{ - unsigned int i, len = 0; - - for (i = 0; args[i]; i++) { - if (i) { - strcat(dst+len, " "); - len++; - } - strcpy(dst+len, args[i]); - len += strlen(args[i]); - } - /* In case it's empty. */ - dst[len] = '\0'; -} - -/*L:185 - * This is where we actually tell the kernel to initialize the Guest. We - * saw the arguments it expects when we looked at initialize() in lguest_user.c: - * the base of Guest "physical" memory, the top physical page to allow and the - * entry point for the Guest. - */ -static void tell_kernel(unsigned long start) -{ - unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_INITIALIZE, - (unsigned long)guest_base, - guest_limit / getpagesize(), start }; - verbose("Guest: %p - %p (%#lx)\n", - guest_base, guest_base + guest_limit, guest_limit); - lguest_fd = open_or_die("/dev/lguest", O_RDWR); - if (write(lguest_fd, args, sizeof(args)) < 0) - err(1, "Writing to /dev/lguest"); -} -/*:*/ - -/*L:200 - * Device Handling. - * - * When the Guest gives us a buffer, it sends an array of addresses and sizes. - * We need to make sure it's not trying to reach into the Launcher itself, so - * we have a convenient routine which checks it and exits with an error message - * if something funny is going on: - */ -static void *_check_pointer(unsigned long addr, unsigned int size, - unsigned int line) -{ - /* - * Check if the requested address and size exceeds the allocated memory, - * or addr + size wraps around. - */ - if ((addr + size) > guest_limit || (addr + size) < addr) - errx(1, "%s:%i: Invalid address %#lx", __FILE__, line, addr); - /* - * We return a pointer for the caller's convenience, now we know it's - * safe to use. - */ - return from_guest_phys(addr); -} -/* A macro which transparently hands the line number to the real function. */ -#define check_pointer(addr,size) _check_pointer(addr, size, __LINE__) - -/* - * Each buffer in the virtqueues is actually a chain of descriptors. This - * function returns the next descriptor in the chain, or vq->vring.num if we're - * at the end. - */ -static unsigned next_desc(struct vring_desc *desc, - unsigned int i, unsigned int max) -{ - unsigned int next; - - /* If this descriptor says it doesn't chain, we're done. */ - if (!(desc[i].flags & VRING_DESC_F_NEXT)) - return max; - - /* Check they're not leading us off end of descriptors. */ - next = desc[i].next; - /* Make sure compiler knows to grab that: we don't want it changing! */ - wmb(); - - if (next >= max) - errx(1, "Desc next is %u", next); - - return next; -} - -/* - * This actually sends the interrupt for this virtqueue, if we've used a - * buffer. - */ -static void trigger_irq(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - unsigned long buf[] = { LHREQ_IRQ, vq->config.irq }; - - /* Don't inform them if nothing used. */ - if (!vq->pending_used) - return; - vq->pending_used = 0; - - /* If they don't want an interrupt, don't send one... */ - if (vq->vring.avail->flags & VRING_AVAIL_F_NO_INTERRUPT) { - return; - } - - /* Send the Guest an interrupt tell them we used something up. */ - if (write(lguest_fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) != 0) - err(1, "Triggering irq %i", vq->config.irq); -} - -/* - * This looks in the virtqueue for the first available buffer, and converts - * it to an iovec for convenient access. Since descriptors consist of some - * number of output then some number of input descriptors, it's actually two - * iovecs, but we pack them into one and note how many of each there were. - * - * This function waits if necessary, and returns the descriptor number found. - */ -static unsigned wait_for_vq_desc(struct virtqueue *vq, - struct iovec iov[], - unsigned int *out_num, unsigned int *in_num) -{ - unsigned int i, head, max; - struct vring_desc *desc; - u16 last_avail = lg_last_avail(vq); - - /* There's nothing available? */ - while (last_avail == vq->vring.avail->idx) { - u64 event; - - /* - * Since we're about to sleep, now is a good time to tell the - * Guest about what we've used up to now. - */ - trigger_irq(vq); - - /* OK, now we need to know about added descriptors. */ - vq->vring.used->flags &= ~VRING_USED_F_NO_NOTIFY; - - /* - * They could have slipped one in as we were doing that: make - * sure it's written, then check again. - */ - mb(); - if (last_avail != vq->vring.avail->idx) { - vq->vring.used->flags |= VRING_USED_F_NO_NOTIFY; - break; - } - - /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us they refilled. */ - if (read(vq->eventfd, &event, sizeof(event)) != sizeof(event)) - errx(1, "Event read failed?"); - - /* We don't need to be notified again. */ - vq->vring.used->flags |= VRING_USED_F_NO_NOTIFY; - } - - /* Check it isn't doing very strange things with descriptor numbers. */ - if ((u16)(vq->vring.avail->idx - last_avail) > vq->vring.num) - errx(1, "Guest moved used index from %u to %u", - last_avail, vq->vring.avail->idx); - - /* - * Grab the next descriptor number they're advertising, and increment - * the index we've seen. - */ - head = vq->vring.avail->ring[last_avail % vq->vring.num]; - lg_last_avail(vq)++; - - /* If their number is silly, that's a fatal mistake. */ - if (head >= vq->vring.num) - errx(1, "Guest says index %u is available", head); - - /* When we start there are none of either input nor output. */ - *out_num = *in_num = 0; - - max = vq->vring.num; - desc = vq->vring.desc; - i = head; - - /* - * If this is an indirect entry, then this buffer contains a descriptor - * table which we handle as if it's any normal descriptor chain. - */ - if (desc[i].flags & VRING_DESC_F_INDIRECT) { - if (desc[i].len % sizeof(struct vring_desc)) - errx(1, "Invalid size for indirect buffer table"); - - max = desc[i].len / sizeof(struct vring_desc); - desc = check_pointer(desc[i].addr, desc[i].len); - i = 0; - } - - do { - /* Grab the first descriptor, and check it's OK. */ - iov[*out_num + *in_num].iov_len = desc[i].len; - iov[*out_num + *in_num].iov_base - = check_pointer(desc[i].addr, desc[i].len); - /* If this is an input descriptor, increment that count. */ - if (desc[i].flags & VRING_DESC_F_WRITE) - (*in_num)++; - else { - /* - * If it's an output descriptor, they're all supposed - * to come before any input descriptors. - */ - if (*in_num) - errx(1, "Descriptor has out after in"); - (*out_num)++; - } - - /* If we've got too many, that implies a descriptor loop. */ - if (*out_num + *in_num > max) - errx(1, "Looped descriptor"); - } while ((i = next_desc(desc, i, max)) != max); - - return head; -} - -/* - * After we've used one of their buffers, we tell the Guest about it. Sometime - * later we'll want to send them an interrupt using trigger_irq(); note that - * wait_for_vq_desc() does that for us if it has to wait. - */ -static void add_used(struct virtqueue *vq, unsigned int head, int len) -{ - struct vring_used_elem *used; - - /* - * The virtqueue contains a ring of used buffers. Get a pointer to the - * next entry in that used ring. - */ - used = &vq->vring.used->ring[vq->vring.used->idx % vq->vring.num]; - used->id = head; - used->len = len; - /* Make sure buffer is written before we update index. */ - wmb(); - vq->vring.used->idx++; - vq->pending_used++; -} - -/* And here's the combo meal deal. Supersize me! */ -static void add_used_and_trigger(struct virtqueue *vq, unsigned head, int len) -{ - add_used(vq, head, len); - trigger_irq(vq); -} - -/* - * The Console - * - * We associate some data with the console for our exit hack. - */ -struct console_abort { - /* How many times have they hit ^C? */ - int count; - /* When did they start? */ - struct timeval start; -}; - -/* This is the routine which handles console input (ie. stdin). */ -static void console_input(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - int len; - unsigned int head, in_num, out_num; - struct console_abort *abort = vq->dev->priv; - struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num]; - - /* Make sure there's a descriptor available. */ - head = wait_for_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out_num, &in_num); - if (out_num) - errx(1, "Output buffers in console in queue?"); - - /* Read into it. This is where we usually wait. */ - len = readv(STDIN_FILENO, iov, in_num); - if (len <= 0) { - /* Ran out of input? */ - warnx("Failed to get console input, ignoring console."); - /* - * For simplicity, dying threads kill the whole Launcher. So - * just nap here. - */ - for (;;) - pause(); - } - - /* Tell the Guest we used a buffer. */ - add_used_and_trigger(vq, head, len); - - /* - * Three ^C within one second? Exit. - * - * This is such a hack, but works surprisingly well. Each ^C has to - * be in a buffer by itself, so they can't be too fast. But we check - * that we get three within about a second, so they can't be too - * slow. - */ - if (len != 1 || ((char *)iov[0].iov_base)[0] != 3) { - abort->count = 0; - return; - } - - abort->count++; - if (abort->count == 1) - gettimeofday(&abort->start, NULL); - else if (abort->count == 3) { - struct timeval now; - gettimeofday(&now, NULL); - /* Kill all Launcher processes with SIGINT, like normal ^C */ - if (now.tv_sec <= abort->start.tv_sec+1) - kill(0, SIGINT); - abort->count = 0; - } -} - -/* This is the routine which handles console output (ie. stdout). */ -static void console_output(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - unsigned int head, out, in; - struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num]; - - /* We usually wait in here, for the Guest to give us something. */ - head = wait_for_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out, &in); - if (in) - errx(1, "Input buffers in console output queue?"); - - /* writev can return a partial write, so we loop here. */ - while (!iov_empty(iov, out)) { - int len = writev(STDOUT_FILENO, iov, out); - if (len <= 0) { - warn("Write to stdout gave %i (%d)", len, errno); - break; - } - iov_consume(iov, out, len); - } - - /* - * We're finished with that buffer: if we're going to sleep, - * wait_for_vq_desc() will prod the Guest with an interrupt. - */ - add_used(vq, head, 0); -} - -/* - * The Network - * - * Handling output for network is also simple: we get all the output buffers - * and write them to /dev/net/tun. - */ -struct net_info { - int tunfd; -}; - -static void net_output(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - struct net_info *net_info = vq->dev->priv; - unsigned int head, out, in; - struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num]; - - /* We usually wait in here for the Guest to give us a packet. */ - head = wait_for_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out, &in); - if (in) - errx(1, "Input buffers in net output queue?"); - /* - * Send the whole thing through to /dev/net/tun. It expects the exact - * same format: what a coincidence! - */ - if (writev(net_info->tunfd, iov, out) < 0) - warnx("Write to tun failed (%d)?", errno); - - /* - * Done with that one; wait_for_vq_desc() will send the interrupt if - * all packets are processed. - */ - add_used(vq, head, 0); -} - -/* - * Handling network input is a bit trickier, because I've tried to optimize it. - * - * First we have a helper routine which tells is if from this file descriptor - * (ie. the /dev/net/tun device) will block: - */ -static bool will_block(int fd) -{ - fd_set fdset; - struct timeval zero = { 0, 0 }; - FD_ZERO(&fdset); - FD_SET(fd, &fdset); - return select(fd+1, &fdset, NULL, NULL, &zero) != 1; -} - -/* - * This handles packets coming in from the tun device to our Guest. Like all - * service routines, it gets called again as soon as it returns, so you don't - * see a while(1) loop here. - */ -static void net_input(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - int len; - unsigned int head, out, in; - struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num]; - struct net_info *net_info = vq->dev->priv; - - /* - * Get a descriptor to write an incoming packet into. This will also - * send an interrupt if they're out of descriptors. - */ - head = wait_for_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out, &in); - if (out) - errx(1, "Output buffers in net input queue?"); - - /* - * If it looks like we'll block reading from the tun device, send them - * an interrupt. - */ - if (vq->pending_used && will_block(net_info->tunfd)) - trigger_irq(vq); - - /* - * Read in the packet. This is where we normally wait (when there's no - * incoming network traffic). - */ - len = readv(net_info->tunfd, iov, in); - if (len <= 0) - warn("Failed to read from tun (%d).", errno); - - /* - * Mark that packet buffer as used, but don't interrupt here. We want - * to wait until we've done as much work as we can. - */ - add_used(vq, head, len); -} -/*:*/ - -/* This is the helper to create threads: run the service routine in a loop. */ -static int do_thread(void *_vq) -{ - struct virtqueue *vq = _vq; - - for (;;) - vq->service(vq); - return 0; -} - -/* - * When a child dies, we kill our entire process group with SIGTERM. This - * also has the side effect that the shell restores the console for us! - */ -static void kill_launcher(int signal) -{ - kill(0, SIGTERM); -} - -static void reset_device(struct device *dev) -{ - struct virtqueue *vq; - - verbose("Resetting device %s\n", dev->name); - - /* Clear any features they've acked. */ - memset(get_feature_bits(dev) + dev->feature_len, 0, dev->feature_len); - - /* We're going to be explicitly killing threads, so ignore them. */ - signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN); - - /* Zero out the virtqueues, get rid of their threads */ - for (vq = dev->vq; vq; vq = vq->next) { - if (vq->thread != (pid_t)-1) { - kill(vq->thread, SIGTERM); - waitpid(vq->thread, NULL, 0); - vq->thread = (pid_t)-1; - } - memset(vq->vring.desc, 0, - vring_size(vq->config.num, LGUEST_VRING_ALIGN)); - lg_last_avail(vq) = 0; - } - dev->running = false; - - /* Now we care if threads die. */ - signal(SIGCHLD, (void *)kill_launcher); -} - -/*L:216 - * This actually creates the thread which services the virtqueue for a device. - */ -static void create_thread(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - /* - * Create stack for thread. Since the stack grows upwards, we point - * the stack pointer to the end of this region. - */ - char *stack = malloc(32768); - unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_EVENTFD, - vq->config.pfn*getpagesize(), 0 }; - - /* Create a zero-initialized eventfd. */ - vq->eventfd = eventfd(0, 0); - if (vq->eventfd < 0) - err(1, "Creating eventfd"); - args[2] = vq->eventfd; - - /* - * Attach an eventfd to this virtqueue: it will go off when the Guest - * does an LHCALL_NOTIFY for this vq. - */ - if (write(lguest_fd, &args, sizeof(args)) != 0) - err(1, "Attaching eventfd"); - - /* - * CLONE_VM: because it has to access the Guest memory, and SIGCHLD so - * we get a signal if it dies. - */ - vq->thread = clone(do_thread, stack + 32768, CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD, vq); - if (vq->thread == (pid_t)-1) - err(1, "Creating clone"); - - /* We close our local copy now the child has it. */ - close(vq->eventfd); -} - -static void start_device(struct device *dev) -{ - unsigned int i; - struct virtqueue *vq; - - verbose("Device %s OK: offered", dev->name); - for (i = 0; i < dev->feature_len; i++) - verbose(" %02x", get_feature_bits(dev)[i]); - verbose(", accepted"); - for (i = 0; i < dev->feature_len; i++) - verbose(" %02x", get_feature_bits(dev) - [dev->feature_len+i]); - - for (vq = dev->vq; vq; vq = vq->next) { - if (vq->service) - create_thread(vq); - } - dev->running = true; -} - -static void cleanup_devices(void) -{ - struct device *dev; - - for (dev = devices.dev; dev; dev = dev->next) - reset_device(dev); - - /* If we saved off the original terminal settings, restore them now. */ - if (orig_term.c_lflag & (ISIG|ICANON|ECHO)) - tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &orig_term); -} - -/* When the Guest tells us they updated the status field, we handle it. */ -static void update_device_status(struct device *dev) -{ - /* A zero status is a reset, otherwise it's a set of flags. */ - if (dev->desc->status == 0) - reset_device(dev); - else if (dev->desc->status & VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_FAILED) { - warnx("Device %s configuration FAILED", dev->name); - if (dev->running) - reset_device(dev); - } else { - if (dev->running) - err(1, "Device %s features finalized twice", dev->name); - start_device(dev); - } -} - -/*L:215 - * This is the generic routine we call when the Guest uses LHCALL_NOTIFY. In - * particular, it's used to notify us of device status changes during boot. - */ -static void handle_output(unsigned long addr) -{ - struct device *i; - - /* Check each device. */ - for (i = devices.dev; i; i = i->next) { - struct virtqueue *vq; - - /* - * Notifications to device descriptors mean they updated the - * device status. - */ - if (from_guest_phys(addr) == i->desc) { - update_device_status(i); - return; - } - - /* Devices should not be used before features are finalized. */ - for (vq = i->vq; vq; vq = vq->next) { - if (addr != vq->config.pfn*getpagesize()) - continue; - errx(1, "Notification on %s before setup!", i->name); - } - } - - /* - * Early console write is done using notify on a nul-terminated string - * in Guest memory. It's also great for hacking debugging messages - * into a Guest. - */ - if (addr >= guest_limit) - errx(1, "Bad NOTIFY %#lx", addr); - - write(STDOUT_FILENO, from_guest_phys(addr), - strnlen(from_guest_phys(addr), guest_limit - addr)); -} - -/*L:190 - * Device Setup - * - * All devices need a descriptor so the Guest knows it exists, and a "struct - * device" so the Launcher can keep track of it. We have common helper - * routines to allocate and manage them. - */ - -/* - * The layout of the device page is a "struct lguest_device_desc" followed by a - * number of virtqueue descriptors, then two sets of feature bits, then an - * array of configuration bytes. This routine returns the configuration - * pointer. - */ -static u8 *device_config(const struct device *dev) -{ - return (void *)(dev->desc + 1) - + dev->num_vq * sizeof(struct lguest_vqconfig) - + dev->feature_len * 2; -} - -/* - * This routine allocates a new "struct lguest_device_desc" from descriptor - * table page just above the Guest's normal memory. It returns a pointer to - * that descriptor. - */ -static struct lguest_device_desc *new_dev_desc(u16 type) -{ - struct lguest_device_desc d = { .type = type }; - void *p; - - /* Figure out where the next device config is, based on the last one. */ - if (devices.lastdev) - p = device_config(devices.lastdev) - + devices.lastdev->desc->config_len; - else - p = devices.descpage; - - /* We only have one page for all the descriptors. */ - if (p + sizeof(d) > (void *)devices.descpage + getpagesize()) - errx(1, "Too many devices"); - - /* p might not be aligned, so we memcpy in. */ - return memcpy(p, &d, sizeof(d)); -} - -/* - * Each device descriptor is followed by the description of its virtqueues. We - * specify how many descriptors the virtqueue is to have. - */ -static void add_virtqueue(struct device *dev, unsigned int num_descs, - void (*service)(struct virtqueue *)) -{ - unsigned int pages; - struct virtqueue **i, *vq = malloc(sizeof(*vq)); - void *p; - - /* First we need some memory for this virtqueue. */ - pages = (vring_size(num_descs, LGUEST_VRING_ALIGN) + getpagesize() - 1) - / getpagesize(); - p = get_pages(pages); - - /* Initialize the virtqueue */ - vq->next = NULL; - vq->last_avail_idx = 0; - vq->dev = dev; - - /* - * This is the routine the service thread will run, and its Process ID - * once it's running. - */ - vq->service = service; - vq->thread = (pid_t)-1; - - /* Initialize the configuration. */ - vq->config.num = num_descs; - vq->config.irq = devices.next_irq++; - vq->config.pfn = to_guest_phys(p) / getpagesize(); - - /* Initialize the vring. */ - vring_init(&vq->vring, num_descs, p, LGUEST_VRING_ALIGN); - - /* - * Append virtqueue to this device's descriptor. We use - * device_config() to get the end of the device's current virtqueues; - * we check that we haven't added any config or feature information - * yet, otherwise we'd be overwriting them. - */ - assert(dev->desc->config_len == 0 && dev->desc->feature_len == 0); - memcpy(device_config(dev), &vq->config, sizeof(vq->config)); - dev->num_vq++; - dev->desc->num_vq++; - - verbose("Virtqueue page %#lx\n", to_guest_phys(p)); - - /* - * Add to tail of list, so dev->vq is first vq, dev->vq->next is - * second. - */ - for (i = &dev->vq; *i; i = &(*i)->next); - *i = vq; -} - -/* - * The first half of the feature bitmask is for us to advertise features. The - * second half is for the Guest to accept features. - */ -static void add_feature(struct device *dev, unsigned bit) -{ - u8 *features = get_feature_bits(dev); - - /* We can't extend the feature bits once we've added config bytes */ - if (dev->desc->feature_len <= bit / CHAR_BIT) { - assert(dev->desc->config_len == 0); - dev->feature_len = dev->desc->feature_len = (bit/CHAR_BIT) + 1; - } - - features[bit / CHAR_BIT] |= (1 << (bit % CHAR_BIT)); -} - -/* - * This routine sets the configuration fields for an existing device's - * descriptor. It only works for the last device, but that's OK because that's - * how we use it. - */ -static void set_config(struct device *dev, unsigned len, const void *conf) -{ - /* Check we haven't overflowed our single page. */ - if (device_config(dev) + len > devices.descpage + getpagesize()) - errx(1, "Too many devices"); - - /* Copy in the config information, and store the length. */ - memcpy(device_config(dev), conf, len); - dev->desc->config_len = len; - - /* Size must fit in config_len field (8 bits)! */ - assert(dev->desc->config_len == len); -} - -/* - * This routine does all the creation and setup of a new device, including - * calling new_dev_desc() to allocate the descriptor and device memory. We - * don't actually start the service threads until later. - * - * See what I mean about userspace being boring? - */ -static struct device *new_device(const char *name, u16 type) -{ - struct device *dev = malloc(sizeof(*dev)); - - /* Now we populate the fields one at a time. */ - dev->desc = new_dev_desc(type); - dev->name = name; - dev->vq = NULL; - dev->feature_len = 0; - dev->num_vq = 0; - dev->running = false; - - /* - * Append to device list. Prepending to a single-linked list is - * easier, but the user expects the devices to be arranged on the bus - * in command-line order. The first network device on the command line - * is eth0, the first block device /dev/vda, etc. - */ - if (devices.lastdev) - devices.lastdev->next = dev; - else - devices.dev = dev; - devices.lastdev = dev; - - return dev; -} - -/* - * Our first setup routine is the console. It's a fairly simple device, but - * UNIX tty handling makes it uglier than it could be. - */ -static void setup_console(void) -{ - struct device *dev; - - /* If we can save the initial standard input settings... */ - if (tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &orig_term) == 0) { - struct termios term = orig_term; - /* - * Then we turn off echo, line buffering and ^C etc: We want a - * raw input stream to the Guest. - */ - term.c_lflag &= ~(ISIG|ICANON|ECHO); - tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &term); - } - - dev = new_device("console", VIRTIO_ID_CONSOLE); - - /* We store the console state in dev->priv, and initialize it. */ - dev->priv = malloc(sizeof(struct console_abort)); - ((struct console_abort *)dev->priv)->count = 0; - - /* - * The console needs two virtqueues: the input then the output. When - * they put something the input queue, we make sure we're listening to - * stdin. When they put something in the output queue, we write it to - * stdout. - */ - add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, console_input); - add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, console_output); - - verbose("device %u: console\n", ++devices.device_num); -} -/*:*/ - -/*M:010 - * Inter-guest networking is an interesting area. Simplest is to have a - * --sharenet=<name> option which opens or creates a named pipe. This can be - * used to send packets to another guest in a 1:1 manner. - * - * More sophisticated is to use one of the tools developed for project like UML - * to do networking. - * - * Faster is to do virtio bonding in kernel. Doing this 1:1 would be - * completely generic ("here's my vring, attach to your vring") and would work - * for any traffic. Of course, namespace and permissions issues need to be - * dealt with. A more sophisticated "multi-channel" virtio_net.c could hide - * multiple inter-guest channels behind one interface, although it would - * require some manner of hotplugging new virtio channels. - * - * Finally, we could use a virtio network switch in the kernel, ie. vhost. -:*/ - -static u32 str2ip(const char *ipaddr) -{ - unsigned int b[4]; - - if (sscanf(ipaddr, "%u.%u.%u.%u", &b[0], &b[1], &b[2], &b[3]) != 4) - errx(1, "Failed to parse IP address '%s'", ipaddr); - return (b[0] << 24) | (b[1] << 16) | (b[2] << 8) | b[3]; -} - -static void str2mac(const char *macaddr, unsigned char mac[6]) -{ - unsigned int m[6]; - if (sscanf(macaddr, "%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x", - &m[0], &m[1], &m[2], &m[3], &m[4], &m[5]) != 6) - errx(1, "Failed to parse mac address '%s'", macaddr); - mac[0] = m[0]; - mac[1] = m[1]; - mac[2] = m[2]; - mac[3] = m[3]; - mac[4] = m[4]; - mac[5] = m[5]; -} - -/* - * This code is "adapted" from libbridge: it attaches the Host end of the - * network device to the bridge device specified by the command line. - * - * This is yet another James Morris contribution (I'm an IP-level guy, so I - * dislike bridging), and I just try not to break it. - */ -static void add_to_bridge(int fd, const char *if_name, const char *br_name) -{ - int ifidx; - struct ifreq ifr; - - if (!*br_name) - errx(1, "must specify bridge name"); - - ifidx = if_nametoindex(if_name); - if (!ifidx) - errx(1, "interface %s does not exist!", if_name); - - strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, br_name, IFNAMSIZ); - ifr.ifr_name[IFNAMSIZ-1] = '\0'; - ifr.ifr_ifindex = ifidx; - if (ioctl(fd, SIOCBRADDIF, &ifr) < 0) - err(1, "can't add %s to bridge %s", if_name, br_name); -} - -/* - * This sets up the Host end of the network device with an IP address, brings - * it up so packets will flow, the copies the MAC address into the hwaddr - * pointer. - */ -static void configure_device(int fd, const char *tapif, u32 ipaddr) -{ - struct ifreq ifr; - struct sockaddr_in sin; - - memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr)); - strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, tapif); - - /* Don't read these incantations. Just cut & paste them like I did! */ - sin.sin_family = AF_INET; - sin.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(ipaddr); - memcpy(&ifr.ifr_addr, &sin, sizeof(sin)); - if (ioctl(fd, SIOCSIFADDR, &ifr) != 0) - err(1, "Setting %s interface address", tapif); - ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_UP; - if (ioctl(fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) != 0) - err(1, "Bringing interface %s up", tapif); -} - -static int get_tun_device(char tapif[IFNAMSIZ]) -{ - struct ifreq ifr; - int netfd; - - /* Start with this zeroed. Messy but sure. */ - memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr)); - - /* - * We open the /dev/net/tun device and tell it we want a tap device. A - * tap device is like a tun device, only somehow different. To tell - * the truth, I completely blundered my way through this code, but it - * works now! - */ - netfd = open_or_die("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR); - ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI | IFF_VNET_HDR; - strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, "tap%d"); - if (ioctl(netfd, TUNSETIFF, &ifr) != 0) - err(1, "configuring /dev/net/tun"); - - if (ioctl(netfd, TUNSETOFFLOAD, - TUN_F_CSUM|TUN_F_TSO4|TUN_F_TSO6|TUN_F_TSO_ECN) != 0) - err(1, "Could not set features for tun device"); - - /* - * We don't need checksums calculated for packets coming in this - * device: trust us! - */ - ioctl(netfd, TUNSETNOCSUM, 1); - - memcpy(tapif, ifr.ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ); - return netfd; -} - -/*L:195 - * Our network is a Host<->Guest network. This can either use bridging or - * routing, but the principle is the same: it uses the "tun" device to inject - * packets into the Host as if they came in from a normal network card. We - * just shunt packets between the Guest and the tun device. - */ -static void setup_tun_net(char *arg) -{ - struct device *dev; - struct net_info *net_info = malloc(sizeof(*net_info)); - int ipfd; - u32 ip = INADDR_ANY; - bool bridging = false; - char tapif[IFNAMSIZ], *p; - struct virtio_net_config conf; - - net_info->tunfd = get_tun_device(tapif); - - /* First we create a new network device. */ - dev = new_device("net", VIRTIO_ID_NET); - dev->priv = net_info; - - /* Network devices need a recv and a send queue, just like console. */ - add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, net_input); - add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, net_output); - - /* - * We need a socket to perform the magic network ioctls to bring up the - * tap interface, connect to the bridge etc. Any socket will do! - */ - ipfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP); - if (ipfd < 0) - err(1, "opening IP socket"); - - /* If the command line was --tunnet=bridge:<name> do bridging. */ - if (!strncmp(BRIDGE_PFX, arg, strlen(BRIDGE_PFX))) { - arg += strlen(BRIDGE_PFX); - bridging = true; - } - - /* A mac address may follow the bridge name or IP address */ - p = strchr(arg, ':'); - if (p) { - str2mac(p+1, conf.mac); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_MAC); - *p = '\0'; - } - - /* arg is now either an IP address or a bridge name */ - if (bridging) - add_to_bridge(ipfd, tapif, arg); - else - ip = str2ip(arg); - - /* Set up the tun device. */ - configure_device(ipfd, tapif, ip); - - /* Expect Guest to handle everything except UFO */ - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_CSUM); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_CSUM); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_TSO4); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_TSO6); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_ECN); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_TSO4); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_TSO6); - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_ECN); - /* We handle indirect ring entries */ - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_RING_F_INDIRECT_DESC); - set_config(dev, sizeof(conf), &conf); - - /* We don't need the socket any more; setup is done. */ - close(ipfd); - - devices.device_num++; - - if (bridging) - verbose("device %u: tun %s attached to bridge: %s\n", - devices.device_num, tapif, arg); - else - verbose("device %u: tun %s: %s\n", - devices.device_num, tapif, arg); -} -/*:*/ - -/* This hangs off device->priv. */ -struct vblk_info { - /* The size of the file. */ - off64_t len; - - /* The file descriptor for the file. */ - int fd; - -}; - -/*L:210 - * The Disk - * - * The disk only has one virtqueue, so it only has one thread. It is really - * simple: the Guest asks for a block number and we read or write that position - * in the file. - * - * Before we serviced each virtqueue in a separate thread, that was unacceptably - * slow: the Guest waits until the read is finished before running anything - * else, even if it could have been doing useful work. - * - * We could have used async I/O, except it's reputed to suck so hard that - * characters actually go missing from your code when you try to use it. - */ -static void blk_request(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - struct vblk_info *vblk = vq->dev->priv; - unsigned int head, out_num, in_num, wlen; - int ret; - u8 *in; - struct virtio_blk_outhdr *out; - struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num]; - off64_t off; - - /* - * Get the next request, where we normally wait. It triggers the - * interrupt to acknowledge previously serviced requests (if any). - */ - head = wait_for_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out_num, &in_num); - - /* - * Every block request should contain at least one output buffer - * (detailing the location on disk and the type of request) and one - * input buffer (to hold the result). - */ - if (out_num == 0 || in_num == 0) - errx(1, "Bad virtblk cmd %u out=%u in=%u", - head, out_num, in_num); - - out = convert(&iov[0], struct virtio_blk_outhdr); - in = convert(&iov[out_num+in_num-1], u8); - /* - * For historical reasons, block operations are expressed in 512 byte - * "sectors". - */ - off = out->sector * 512; - - /* - * In general the virtio block driver is allowed to try SCSI commands. - * It'd be nice if we supported eject, for example, but we don't. - */ - if (out->type & VIRTIO_BLK_T_SCSI_CMD) { - fprintf(stderr, "Scsi commands unsupported\n"); - *in = VIRTIO_BLK_S_UNSUPP; - wlen = sizeof(*in); - } else if (out->type & VIRTIO_BLK_T_OUT) { - /* - * Write - * - * Move to the right location in the block file. This can fail - * if they try to write past end. - */ - if (lseek64(vblk->fd, off, SEEK_SET) != off) - err(1, "Bad seek to sector %llu", out->sector); - - ret = writev(vblk->fd, iov+1, out_num-1); - verbose("WRITE to sector %llu: %i\n", out->sector, ret); - - /* - * Grr... Now we know how long the descriptor they sent was, we - * make sure they didn't try to write over the end of the block - * file (possibly extending it). - */ - if (ret > 0 && off + ret > vblk->len) { - /* Trim it back to the correct length */ - ftruncate64(vblk->fd, vblk->len); - /* Die, bad Guest, die. */ - errx(1, "Write past end %llu+%u", off, ret); - } - - wlen = sizeof(*in); - *in = (ret >= 0 ? VIRTIO_BLK_S_OK : VIRTIO_BLK_S_IOERR); - } else if (out->type & VIRTIO_BLK_T_FLUSH) { - /* Flush */ - ret = fdatasync(vblk->fd); - verbose("FLUSH fdatasync: %i\n", ret); - wlen = sizeof(*in); - *in = (ret >= 0 ? VIRTIO_BLK_S_OK : VIRTIO_BLK_S_IOERR); - } else { - /* - * Read - * - * Move to the right location in the block file. This can fail - * if they try to read past end. - */ - if (lseek64(vblk->fd, off, SEEK_SET) != off) - err(1, "Bad seek to sector %llu", out->sector); - - ret = readv(vblk->fd, iov+1, in_num-1); - verbose("READ from sector %llu: %i\n", out->sector, ret); - if (ret >= 0) { - wlen = sizeof(*in) + ret; - *in = VIRTIO_BLK_S_OK; - } else { - wlen = sizeof(*in); - *in = VIRTIO_BLK_S_IOERR; - } - } - - /* Finished that request. */ - add_used(vq, head, wlen); -} - -/*L:198 This actually sets up a virtual block device. */ -static void setup_block_file(const char *filename) -{ - struct device *dev; - struct vblk_info *vblk; - struct virtio_blk_config conf; - - /* Creat the device. */ - dev = new_device("block", VIRTIO_ID_BLOCK); - - /* The device has one virtqueue, where the Guest places requests. */ - add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, blk_request); - - /* Allocate the room for our own bookkeeping */ - vblk = dev->priv = malloc(sizeof(*vblk)); - - /* First we open the file and store the length. */ - vblk->fd = open_or_die(filename, O_RDWR|O_LARGEFILE); - vblk->len = lseek64(vblk->fd, 0, SEEK_END); - - /* We support FLUSH. */ - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_BLK_F_FLUSH); - - /* Tell Guest how many sectors this device has. */ - conf.capacity = cpu_to_le64(vblk->len / 512); - - /* - * Tell Guest not to put in too many descriptors at once: two are used - * for the in and out elements. - */ - add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_BLK_F_SEG_MAX); - conf.seg_max = cpu_to_le32(VIRTQUEUE_NUM - 2); - - /* Don't try to put whole struct: we have 8 bit limit. */ - set_config(dev, offsetof(struct virtio_blk_config, geometry), &conf); - - verbose("device %u: virtblock %llu sectors\n", - ++devices.device_num, le64_to_cpu(conf.capacity)); -} - -/*L:211 - * Our random number generator device reads from /dev/random into the Guest's - * input buffers. The usual case is that the Guest doesn't want random numbers - * and so has no buffers although /dev/random is still readable, whereas - * console is the reverse. - * - * The same logic applies, however. - */ -struct rng_info { - int rfd; -}; - -static void rng_input(struct virtqueue *vq) -{ - int len; - unsigned int head, in_num, out_num, totlen = 0; - struct rng_info *rng_info = vq->dev->priv; - struct iovec iov[vq->vring.num]; - - /* First we need a buffer from the Guests's virtqueue. */ - head = wait_for_vq_desc(vq, iov, &out_num, &in_num); - if (out_num) - errx(1, "Output buffers in rng?"); - - /* - * Just like the console write, we loop to cover the whole iovec. - * In this case, short reads actually happen quite a bit. - */ - while (!iov_empty(iov, in_num)) { - len = readv(rng_info->rfd, iov, in_num); - if (len <= 0) - err(1, "Read from /dev/random gave %i", len); - iov_consume(iov, in_num, len); - totlen += len; - } - - /* Tell the Guest about the new input. */ - add_used(vq, head, totlen); -} - -/*L:199 - * This creates a "hardware" random number device for the Guest. - */ -static void setup_rng(void) -{ - struct device *dev; - struct rng_info *rng_info = malloc(sizeof(*rng_info)); - - /* Our device's privat info simply contains the /dev/random fd. */ - rng_info->rfd = open_or_die("/dev/random", O_RDONLY); - - /* Create the new device. */ - dev = new_device("rng", VIRTIO_ID_RNG); - dev->priv = rng_info; - - /* The device has one virtqueue, where the Guest places inbufs. */ - add_virtqueue(dev, VIRTQUEUE_NUM, rng_input); - - verbose("device %u: rng\n", devices.device_num++); -} -/* That's the end of device setup. */ - -/*L:230 Reboot is pretty easy: clean up and exec() the Launcher afresh. */ -static void __attribute__((noreturn)) restart_guest(void) -{ - unsigned int i; - - /* - * Since we don't track all open fds, we simply close everything beyond - * stderr. - */ - for (i = 3; i < FD_SETSIZE; i++) - close(i); - - /* Reset all the devices (kills all threads). */ - cleanup_devices(); - - execv(main_args[0], main_args); - err(1, "Could not exec %s", main_args[0]); -} - -/*L:220 - * Finally we reach the core of the Launcher which runs the Guest, serves - * its input and output, and finally, lays it to rest. - */ -static void __attribute__((noreturn)) run_guest(void) -{ - for (;;) { - unsigned long notify_addr; - int readval; - - /* We read from the /dev/lguest device to run the Guest. */ - readval = pread(lguest_fd, ¬ify_addr, - sizeof(notify_addr), cpu_id); - - /* One unsigned long means the Guest did HCALL_NOTIFY */ - if (readval == sizeof(notify_addr)) { - verbose("Notify on address %#lx\n", notify_addr); - handle_output(notify_addr); - /* ENOENT means the Guest died. Reading tells us why. */ - } else if (errno == ENOENT) { - char reason[1024] = { 0 }; - pread(lguest_fd, reason, sizeof(reason)-1, cpu_id); - errx(1, "%s", reason); - /* ERESTART means that we need to reboot the guest */ - } else if (errno == ERESTART) { - restart_guest(); - /* Anything else means a bug or incompatible change. */ - } else - err(1, "Running guest failed"); - } -} -/*L:240 - * This is the end of the Launcher. The good news: we are over halfway - * through! The bad news: the most fiendish part of the code still lies ahead - * of us. - * - * Are you ready? Take a deep breath and join me in the core of the Host, in - * "make Host". -:*/ - -static struct option opts[] = { - { "verbose", 0, NULL, 'v' }, - { "tunnet", 1, NULL, 't' }, - { "block", 1, NULL, 'b' }, - { "rng", 0, NULL, 'r' }, - { "initrd", 1, NULL, 'i' }, - { "username", 1, NULL, 'u' }, - { "chroot", 1, NULL, 'c' }, - { NULL }, -}; -static void usage(void) -{ - errx(1, "Usage: lguest [--verbose] " - "[--tunnet=(<ipaddr>:<macaddr>|bridge:<bridgename>:<macaddr>)\n" - "|--block=<filename>|--initrd=<filename>]...\n" - "<mem-in-mb> vmlinux [args...]"); -} - -/*L:105 The main routine is where the real work begins: */ -int main(int argc, char *argv[]) -{ - /* Memory, code startpoint and size of the (optional) initrd. */ - unsigned long mem = 0, start, initrd_size = 0; - /* Two temporaries. */ - int i, c; - /* The boot information for the Guest. */ - struct boot_params *boot; - /* If they specify an initrd file to load. */ - const char *initrd_name = NULL; - - /* Password structure for initgroups/setres[gu]id */ - struct passwd *user_details = NULL; - - /* Directory to chroot to */ - char *chroot_path = NULL; - - /* Save the args: we "reboot" by execing ourselves again. */ - main_args = argv; - - /* - * First we initialize the device list. We keep a pointer to the last - * device, and the next interrupt number to use for devices (1: - * remember that 0 is used by the timer). - */ - devices.lastdev = NULL; - devices.next_irq = 1; - - /* We're CPU 0. In fact, that's the only CPU possible right now. */ - cpu_id = 0; - - /* - * We need to know how much memory so we can set up the device - * descriptor and memory pages for the devices as we parse the command - * line. So we quickly look through the arguments to find the amount - * of memory now. - */ - for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { - if (argv[i][0] != '-') { - mem = atoi(argv[i]) * 1024 * 1024; - /* - * We start by mapping anonymous pages over all of - * guest-physical memory range. This fills it with 0, - * and ensures that the Guest won't be killed when it - * tries to access it. - */ - guest_base = map_zeroed_pages(mem / getpagesize() - + DEVICE_PAGES); - guest_limit = mem; - guest_max = mem + DEVICE_PAGES*getpagesize(); - devices.descpage = get_pages(1); - break; - } - } - - /* The options are fairly straight-forward */ - while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "v", opts, NULL)) != EOF) { - switch (c) { - case 'v': - verbose = true; - break; - case 't': - setup_tun_net(optarg); - break; - case 'b': - setup_block_file(optarg); - break; - case 'r': - setup_rng(); - break; - case 'i': - initrd_name = optarg; - break; - case 'u': - user_details = getpwnam(optarg); - if (!user_details) - err(1, "getpwnam failed, incorrect username?"); - break; - case 'c': - chroot_path = optarg; - break; - default: - warnx("Unknown argument %s", argv[optind]); - usage(); - } - } - /* - * After the other arguments we expect memory and kernel image name, - * followed by command line arguments for the kernel. - */ - if (optind + 2 > argc) - usage(); - - verbose("Guest base is at %p\n", guest_base); - - /* We always have a console device */ - setup_console(); - - /* Now we load the kernel */ - start = load_kernel(open_or_die(argv[optind+1], O_RDONLY)); - - /* Boot information is stashed at physical address 0 */ - boot = from_guest_phys(0); - - /* Map the initrd image if requested (at top of physical memory) */ - if (initrd_name) { - initrd_size = load_initrd(initrd_name, mem); - /* - * These are the location in the Linux boot header where the - * start and size of the initrd are expected to be found. - */ - boot->hdr.ramdisk_image = mem - initrd_size; - boot->hdr.ramdisk_size = initrd_size; - /* The bootloader type 0xFF means "unknown"; that's OK. */ - boot->hdr.type_of_loader = 0xFF; - } - - /* - * The Linux boot header contains an "E820" memory map: ours is a - * simple, single region. - */ - boot->e820_entries = 1; - boot->e820_map[0] = ((struct e820entry) { 0, mem, E820_RAM }); - /* - * The boot header contains a command line pointer: we put the command - * line after the boot header. - */ - boot->hdr.cmd_line_ptr = to_guest_phys(boot + 1); - /* We use a simple helper to copy the arguments separated by spaces. */ - concat((char *)(boot + 1), argv+optind+2); - - /* Set kernel alignment to 16M (CONFIG_PHYSICAL_ALIGN) */ - boot->hdr.kernel_alignment = 0x1000000; - - /* Boot protocol version: 2.07 supports the fields for lguest. */ - boot->hdr.version = 0x207; - - /* The hardware_subarch value of "1" tells the Guest it's an lguest. */ - boot->hdr.hardware_subarch = 1; - - /* Tell the entry path not to try to reload segment registers. */ - boot->hdr.loadflags |= KEEP_SEGMENTS; - - /* We tell the kernel to initialize the Guest. */ - tell_kernel(start); - - /* Ensure that we terminate if a device-servicing child dies. */ - signal(SIGCHLD, kill_launcher); - - /* If we exit via err(), this kills all the threads, restores tty. */ - atexit(cleanup_devices); - - /* If requested, chroot to a directory */ - if (chroot_path) { - if (chroot(chroot_path) != 0) - err(1, "chroot(\"%s\") failed", chroot_path); - - if (chdir("/") != 0) - err(1, "chdir(\"/\") failed"); - - verbose("chroot done\n"); - } - - /* If requested, drop privileges */ - if (user_details) { - uid_t u; - gid_t g; - - u = user_details->pw_uid; - g = user_details->pw_gid; - - if (initgroups(user_details->pw_name, g) != 0) - err(1, "initgroups failed"); - - if (setresgid(g, g, g) != 0) - err(1, "setresgid failed"); - - if (setresuid(u, u, u) != 0) - err(1, "setresuid failed"); - - verbose("Dropping privileges completed\n"); - } - - /* Finally, run the Guest. This doesn't return. */ - run_guest(); -} -/*:*/ - -/*M:999 - * Mastery is done: you now know everything I do. - * - * But surely you have seen code, features and bugs in your wanderings which - * you now yearn to attack? That is the real game, and I look forward to you - * patching and forking lguest into the Your-Name-Here-visor. - * - * Farewell, and good coding! - * Rusty Russell. - */ diff --git a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.txt b/Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.txt deleted file mode 100644 index bff0c554485..00000000000 --- a/Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,129 +0,0 @@ - __ - (___()'`; Rusty's Remarkably Unreliable Guide to Lguest - /, /` - or, A Young Coder's Illustrated Hypervisor - \\"--\\ http://lguest.ozlabs.org - -Lguest is designed to be a minimal 32-bit x86 hypervisor for the Linux kernel, -for Linux developers and users to experiment with virtualization with the -minimum of complexity. Nonetheless, it should have sufficient features to -make it useful for specific tasks, and, of course, you are encouraged to fork -and enhance it (see drivers/lguest/README). - -Features: - -- Kernel module which runs in a normal kernel. -- Simple I/O model for communication. -- Simple program to create new guests. -- Logo contains cute puppies: http://lguest.ozlabs.org - -Developer features: - -- Fun to hack on. -- No ABI: being tied to a specific kernel anyway, you can change anything. -- Many opportunities for improvement or feature implementation. - -Running Lguest: - -- The easiest way to run lguest is to use same kernel as guest and host. - You can configure them differently, but usually it's easiest not to. - - You will need to configure your kernel with the following options: - - "General setup": - "Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers" = Y - (CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y) - - "Processor type and features": - "Paravirtualized guest support" = Y - "Lguest guest support" = Y - "High Memory Support" = off/4GB - "Alignment value to which kernel should be aligned" = 0x100000 - (CONFIG_PARAVIRT=y, CONFIG_LGUEST_GUEST=y, CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G=n and - CONFIG_PHYSICAL_ALIGN=0x100000) - - "Device Drivers": - "Block devices" - "Virtio block driver (EXPERIMENTAL)" = M/Y - "Network device support" - "Universal TUN/TAP device driver support" = M/Y - "Virtio network driver (EXPERIMENTAL)" = M/Y - (CONFIG_VIRTIO_BLK=m, CONFIG_VIRTIO_NET=m and CONFIG_TUN=m) - - "Virtualization" - "Linux hypervisor example code" = M/Y - (CONFIG_LGUEST=m) - -- A tool called "lguest" is available in this directory: type "make" - to build it. If you didn't build your kernel in-tree, use "make - O=<builddir>". - -- Create or find a root disk image. There are several useful ones - around, such as the xm-test tiny root image at - http://xm-test.xensource.com/ramdisks/initrd-1.1-i386.img - - For more serious work, I usually use a distribution ISO image and - install it under qemu, then make multiple copies: - - dd if=/dev/zero of=rootfile bs=1M count=2048 - qemu -cdrom image.iso -hda rootfile -net user -net nic -boot d - - Make sure that you install a getty on /dev/hvc0 if you want to log in on the - console! - -- "modprobe lg" if you built it as a module. - -- Run an lguest as root: - - Documentation/virtual/lguest/lguest 64 vmlinux --tunnet=192.168.19.1 \ - --block=rootfile root=/dev/vda - - Explanation: - 64: the amount of memory to use, in MB. - - vmlinux: the kernel image found in the top of your build directory. You - can also use a standard bzImage. - - --tunnet=192.168.19.1: configures a "tap" device for networking with this - IP address. - - --block=rootfile: a file or block device which becomes /dev/vda - inside the guest. - - root=/dev/vda: this (and anything else on the command line) are - kernel boot parameters. - -- Configuring networking. I usually have the host masquerade, using - "iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE" and "echo 1 > - /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward". In this example, I would configure - eth0 inside the guest at 192.168.19.2. - - Another method is to bridge the tap device to an external interface - using --tunnet=bridge:<bridgename>, and perhaps run dhcp on the guest - to obtain an IP address. The bridge needs to be configured first: - this option simply adds the tap interface to it. - - A simple example on my system: - - ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 - brctl addbr lg0 - ifconfig lg0 up - brctl addif lg0 eth0 - dhclient lg0 - - Then use --tunnet=bridge:lg0 when launching the guest. - - See: - - http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/bridge - - for general information on how to get bridging to work. - -- Random number generation. Using the --rng option will provide a - /dev/hwrng in the guest that will read from the host's /dev/random. - Use this option in conjunction with rng-tools (see ../hw_random.txt) - to provide entropy to the guest kernel's /dev/random. - -There is a helpful mailing list at http://ozlabs.org/mailman/listinfo/lguest - -Good luck! -Rusty Russell rusty@rustcorp.com.au. |