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Diffstat (limited to 'drivers/tty/serial/68328serial.c')
-rw-r--r--drivers/tty/serial/68328serial.c383
1 files changed, 152 insertions, 231 deletions
diff --git a/drivers/tty/serial/68328serial.c b/drivers/tty/serial/68328serial.c
index 5ce782529d6..3ed20e435e5 100644
--- a/drivers/tty/serial/68328serial.c
+++ b/drivers/tty/serial/68328serial.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
#include <asm/dbg.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/serial.h>
#include <linux/signal.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
@@ -56,8 +57,6 @@
#endif /* CONFIG_M68VZ328 */
#endif /* CONFIG_M68EZ328 */
-#include "68328serial.h"
-
/* Turn off usage of real serial interrupt code, to "support" Copilot */
#ifdef CONFIG_XCOPILOT_BUGS
#undef USE_INTS
@@ -65,33 +64,82 @@
#define USE_INTS
#endif
-static struct m68k_serial m68k_soft[NR_PORTS];
+/*
+ * I believe this is the optimal setting that reduces the number of interrupts.
+ * At high speeds the output might become a little "bursted" (use USTCNT_TXHE
+ * if that bothers you), but in most cases it will not, since we try to
+ * transmit characters every time rs_interrupt is called. Thus, quite often
+ * you'll see that a receive interrupt occures before the transmit one.
+ * -- Vladimir Gurevich
+ */
+#define USTCNT_TX_INTR_MASK (USTCNT_TXEE)
-static unsigned int uart_irqs[NR_PORTS] = UART_IRQ_DEFNS;
+/*
+ * 68328 and 68EZ328 UARTS are a little bit different. EZ328 has special
+ * "Old data interrupt" which occures whenever the data stay in the FIFO
+ * longer than 30 bits time. This allows us to use FIFO without compromising
+ * latency. '328 does not have this feature and without the real 328-based
+ * board I would assume that RXRE is the safest setting.
+ *
+ * For EZ328 I use RXHE (Half empty) interrupt to reduce the number of
+ * interrupts. RXFE (receive queue full) causes the system to lose data
+ * at least at 115200 baud
+ *
+ * If your board is busy doing other stuff, you might consider to use
+ * RXRE (data ready intrrupt) instead.
+ *
+ * The other option is to make these INTR masks run-time configurable, so
+ * that people can dynamically adapt them according to the current usage.
+ * -- Vladimir Gurevich
+ */
-/* multiple ports are contiguous in memory */
-m68328_uart *uart_addr = (m68328_uart *)USTCNT_ADDR;
+/* (es) */
+#if defined(CONFIG_M68EZ328) || defined(CONFIG_M68VZ328)
+#define USTCNT_RX_INTR_MASK (USTCNT_RXHE | USTCNT_ODEN)
+#elif defined(CONFIG_M68328)
+#define USTCNT_RX_INTR_MASK (USTCNT_RXRE)
+#else
+#error Please, define the Rx interrupt events for your CPU
+#endif
+/* (/es) */
-struct tty_struct m68k_ttys;
-struct m68k_serial *m68k_consinfo = 0;
+/*
+ * This is our internal structure for each serial port's state.
+ */
+struct m68k_serial {
+ struct tty_port tport;
+ char is_cons; /* Is this our console. */
+ int magic;
+ int baud_base;
+ int port;
+ int irq;
+ int type; /* UART type */
+ int custom_divisor;
+ int x_char; /* xon/xoff character */
+ int line;
+ unsigned char *xmit_buf;
+ int xmit_head;
+ int xmit_tail;
+ int xmit_cnt;
+};
-#define M68K_CLOCK (16667000) /* FIXME: 16MHz is likely wrong */
+#define SERIAL_MAGIC 0x5301
-struct tty_driver *serial_driver;
+/*
+ * Define the number of ports supported and their irqs.
+ */
+#define NR_PORTS 1
-/* number of characters left in xmit buffer before we ask for more */
-#define WAKEUP_CHARS 256
+static struct m68k_serial m68k_soft[NR_PORTS];
-/* Debugging... DEBUG_INTR is bad to use when one of the zs
- * lines is your console ;(
- */
-#undef SERIAL_DEBUG_INTR
-#undef SERIAL_DEBUG_OPEN
-#undef SERIAL_DEBUG_FLOW
+static unsigned int uart_irqs[NR_PORTS] = { UART_IRQ_NUM };
-#define RS_ISR_PASS_LIMIT 256
+/* multiple ports are contiguous in memory */
+m68328_uart *uart_addr = (m68328_uart *)USTCNT_ADDR;
+
+struct tty_driver *serial_driver;
-static void change_speed(struct m68k_serial *info);
+static void change_speed(struct m68k_serial *info, struct tty_struct *tty);
/*
* Setup for console. Argument comes from the boot command line.
@@ -143,17 +191,6 @@ static int baud_table[] = {
0, 50, 75, 110, 134, 150, 200, 300, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, 4800,
9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200, 0 };
-/* Sets or clears DTR/RTS on the requested line */
-static inline void m68k_rtsdtr(struct m68k_serial *ss, int set)
-{
- if (set) {
- /* set the RTS/CTS line */
- } else {
- /* clear it */
- }
- return;
-}
-
/* Utility routines */
static inline int get_baud(struct m68k_serial *ss)
{
@@ -189,7 +226,8 @@ static void rs_stop(struct tty_struct *tty)
static int rs_put_char(char ch)
{
- int flags, loops = 0;
+ unsigned long flags;
+ int loops = 0;
local_irq_save(flags);
@@ -224,28 +262,9 @@ static void rs_start(struct tty_struct *tty)
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
-/* Drop into either the boot monitor or kadb upon receiving a break
- * from keyboard/console input.
- */
-static void batten_down_hatches(void)
-{
- /* Drop into the debugger */
-}
-
-static void status_handle(struct m68k_serial *info, unsigned short status)
+static void receive_chars(struct m68k_serial *info, struct tty_struct *tty,
+ unsigned short rx)
{
- /* If this is console input and this is a
- * 'break asserted' status change interrupt
- * see if we can drop into the debugger
- */
- if((status & URX_BREAK) && info->break_abort)
- batten_down_hatches();
- return;
-}
-
-static void receive_chars(struct m68k_serial *info, unsigned short rx)
-{
- struct tty_struct *tty = info->tty;
m68328_uart *uart = &uart_addr[info->line];
unsigned char ch, flag;
@@ -259,7 +278,6 @@ static void receive_chars(struct m68k_serial *info, unsigned short rx)
if(info->is_cons) {
if(URX_BREAK & rx) { /* whee, break received */
- status_handle(info, rx);
return;
#ifdef CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ
} else if (ch == 0x10) { /* ^P */
@@ -280,16 +298,13 @@ static void receive_chars(struct m68k_serial *info, unsigned short rx)
flag = TTY_NORMAL;
- if(rx & URX_PARITY_ERROR) {
+ if (rx & URX_PARITY_ERROR)
flag = TTY_PARITY;
- status_handle(info, rx);
- } else if(rx & URX_OVRUN) {
+ else if (rx & URX_OVRUN)
flag = TTY_OVERRUN;
- status_handle(info, rx);
- } else if(rx & URX_FRAME_ERROR) {
+ else if (rx & URX_FRAME_ERROR)
flag = TTY_FRAME;
- status_handle(info, rx);
- }
+
tty_insert_flip_char(tty, ch, flag);
#ifndef CONFIG_XCOPILOT_BUGS
} while((rx = uart->urx.w) & URX_DATA_READY);
@@ -301,7 +316,7 @@ clear_and_exit:
return;
}
-static void transmit_chars(struct m68k_serial *info)
+static void transmit_chars(struct m68k_serial *info, struct tty_struct *tty)
{
m68328_uart *uart = &uart_addr[info->line];
@@ -312,7 +327,7 @@ static void transmit_chars(struct m68k_serial *info)
goto clear_and_return;
}
- if((info->xmit_cnt <= 0) || info->tty->stopped) {
+ if ((info->xmit_cnt <= 0) || !tty || tty->stopped) {
/* That's peculiar... TX ints off */
uart->ustcnt &= ~USTCNT_TX_INTR_MASK;
goto clear_and_return;
@@ -340,6 +355,7 @@ clear_and_return:
irqreturn_t rs_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
struct m68k_serial *info = dev_id;
+ struct tty_struct *tty = tty_port_tty_get(&info->tport);
m68328_uart *uart;
unsigned short rx;
unsigned short tx;
@@ -350,20 +366,24 @@ irqreturn_t rs_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id)
#ifdef USE_INTS
tx = uart->utx.w;
- if (rx & URX_DATA_READY) receive_chars(info, rx);
- if (tx & UTX_TX_AVAIL) transmit_chars(info);
+ if (rx & URX_DATA_READY)
+ receive_chars(info, tty, rx);
+ if (tx & UTX_TX_AVAIL)
+ transmit_chars(info, tty);
#else
- receive_chars(info, rx);
+ receive_chars(info, tty, rx);
#endif
+ tty_kref_put(tty);
+
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
-static int startup(struct m68k_serial * info)
+static int startup(struct m68k_serial *info, struct tty_struct *tty)
{
m68328_uart *uart = &uart_addr[info->line];
unsigned long flags;
- if (info->flags & S_INITIALIZED)
+ if (info->tport.flags & ASYNC_INITIALIZED)
return 0;
if (!info->xmit_buf) {
@@ -380,7 +400,6 @@ static int startup(struct m68k_serial * info)
*/
uart->ustcnt = USTCNT_UEN;
- info->xmit_fifo_size = 1;
uart->ustcnt = USTCNT_UEN | USTCNT_RXEN | USTCNT_TXEN;
(void)uart->urx.w;
@@ -394,17 +413,17 @@ static int startup(struct m68k_serial * info)
uart->ustcnt = USTCNT_UEN | USTCNT_RXEN | USTCNT_RX_INTR_MASK;
#endif
- if (info->tty)
- clear_bit(TTY_IO_ERROR, &info->tty->flags);
+ if (tty)
+ clear_bit(TTY_IO_ERROR, &tty->flags);
info->xmit_cnt = info->xmit_head = info->xmit_tail = 0;
/*
* and set the speed of the serial port
*/
- change_speed(info);
+ change_speed(info, tty);
- info->flags |= S_INITIALIZED;
+ info->tport.flags |= ASYNC_INITIALIZED;
local_irq_restore(flags);
return 0;
}
@@ -413,13 +432,13 @@ static int startup(struct m68k_serial * info)
* This routine will shutdown a serial port; interrupts are disabled, and
* DTR is dropped if the hangup on close termio flag is on.
*/
-static void shutdown(struct m68k_serial * info)
+static void shutdown(struct m68k_serial *info, struct tty_struct *tty)
{
m68328_uart *uart = &uart_addr[info->line];
unsigned long flags;
uart->ustcnt = 0; /* All off! */
- if (!(info->flags & S_INITIALIZED))
+ if (!(info->tport.flags & ASYNC_INITIALIZED))
return;
local_irq_save(flags);
@@ -429,10 +448,10 @@ static void shutdown(struct m68k_serial * info)
info->xmit_buf = 0;
}
- if (info->tty)
- set_bit(TTY_IO_ERROR, &info->tty->flags);
+ if (tty)
+ set_bit(TTY_IO_ERROR, &tty->flags);
- info->flags &= ~S_INITIALIZED;
+ info->tport.flags &= ~ASYNC_INITIALIZED;
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
@@ -488,7 +507,7 @@ struct {
* This routine is called to set the UART divisor registers to match
* the specified baud rate for a serial port.
*/
-static void change_speed(struct m68k_serial *info)
+static void change_speed(struct m68k_serial *info, struct tty_struct *tty)
{
m68328_uart *uart = &uart_addr[info->line];
unsigned short port;
@@ -496,9 +515,7 @@ static void change_speed(struct m68k_serial *info)
unsigned cflag;
int i;
- if (!info->tty || !info->tty->termios)
- return;
- cflag = info->tty->termios->c_cflag;
+ cflag = tty->termios->c_cflag;
if (!(port = info->port))
return;
@@ -510,7 +527,6 @@ static void change_speed(struct m68k_serial *info)
i = (i & ~CBAUDEX) + B38400;
}
- info->baud = baud_table[i];
uart->ubaud = PUT_FIELD(UBAUD_DIVIDE, hw_baud_table[i].divisor) |
PUT_FIELD(UBAUD_PRESCALER, hw_baud_table[i].prescale);
@@ -807,10 +823,10 @@ static int get_serial_info(struct m68k_serial * info,
tmp.line = info->line;
tmp.port = info->port;
tmp.irq = info->irq;
- tmp.flags = info->flags;
+ tmp.flags = info->tport.flags;
tmp.baud_base = info->baud_base;
- tmp.close_delay = info->close_delay;
- tmp.closing_wait = info->closing_wait;
+ tmp.close_delay = info->tport.close_delay;
+ tmp.closing_wait = info->tport.closing_wait;
tmp.custom_divisor = info->custom_divisor;
if (copy_to_user(retinfo, &tmp, sizeof(*retinfo)))
return -EFAULT;
@@ -818,9 +834,10 @@ static int get_serial_info(struct m68k_serial * info,
return 0;
}
-static int set_serial_info(struct m68k_serial * info,
+static int set_serial_info(struct m68k_serial *info, struct tty_struct *tty,
struct serial_struct * new_info)
{
+ struct tty_port *port = &info->tport;
struct serial_struct new_serial;
struct m68k_serial old_info;
int retval = 0;
@@ -834,17 +851,17 @@ static int set_serial_info(struct m68k_serial * info,
if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) {
if ((new_serial.baud_base != info->baud_base) ||
(new_serial.type != info->type) ||
- (new_serial.close_delay != info->close_delay) ||
- ((new_serial.flags & ~S_USR_MASK) !=
- (info->flags & ~S_USR_MASK)))
+ (new_serial.close_delay != port->close_delay) ||
+ ((new_serial.flags & ~ASYNC_USR_MASK) !=
+ (port->flags & ~ASYNC_USR_MASK)))
return -EPERM;
- info->flags = ((info->flags & ~S_USR_MASK) |
- (new_serial.flags & S_USR_MASK));
+ port->flags = ((port->flags & ~ASYNC_USR_MASK) |
+ (new_serial.flags & ASYNC_USR_MASK));
info->custom_divisor = new_serial.custom_divisor;
goto check_and_exit;
}
- if (info->count > 1)
+ if (port->count > 1)
return -EBUSY;
/*
@@ -853,14 +870,14 @@ static int set_serial_info(struct m68k_serial * info,
*/
info->baud_base = new_serial.baud_base;
- info->flags = ((info->flags & ~S_FLAGS) |
- (new_serial.flags & S_FLAGS));
+ port->flags = ((port->flags & ~ASYNC_FLAGS) |
+ (new_serial.flags & ASYNC_FLAGS));
info->type = new_serial.type;
- info->close_delay = new_serial.close_delay;
- info->closing_wait = new_serial.closing_wait;
+ port->close_delay = new_serial.close_delay;
+ port->closing_wait = new_serial.closing_wait;
check_and_exit:
- retval = startup(info);
+ retval = startup(info, tty);
return retval;
}
@@ -946,7 +963,7 @@ static int rs_ioctl(struct tty_struct *tty,
return get_serial_info(info,
(struct serial_struct *) arg);
case TIOCSSERIAL:
- return set_serial_info(info,
+ return set_serial_info(info, tty,
(struct serial_struct *) arg);
case TIOCSERGETLSR: /* Get line status register */
return get_lsr_info(info, (unsigned int *) arg);
@@ -965,7 +982,7 @@ static void rs_set_termios(struct tty_struct *tty, struct ktermios *old_termios)
{
struct m68k_serial *info = (struct m68k_serial *)tty->driver_data;
- change_speed(info);
+ change_speed(info, tty);
if ((old_termios->c_cflag & CRTSCTS) &&
!(tty->termios->c_cflag & CRTSCTS)) {
@@ -988,6 +1005,7 @@ static void rs_set_termios(struct tty_struct *tty, struct ktermios *old_termios)
static void rs_close(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file * filp)
{
struct m68k_serial * info = (struct m68k_serial *)tty->driver_data;
+ struct tty_port *port = &info->tport;
m68328_uart *uart = &uart_addr[info->line];
unsigned long flags;
@@ -1001,7 +1019,7 @@ static void rs_close(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file * filp)
return;
}
- if ((tty->count == 1) && (info->count != 1)) {
+ if ((tty->count == 1) && (port->count != 1)) {
/*
* Uh, oh. tty->count is 1, which means that the tty
* structure will be freed. Info->count should always
@@ -1010,26 +1028,26 @@ static void rs_close(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file * filp)
* serial port won't be shutdown.
*/
printk("rs_close: bad serial port count; tty->count is 1, "
- "info->count is %d\n", info->count);
- info->count = 1;
+ "port->count is %d\n", port->count);
+ port->count = 1;
}
- if (--info->count < 0) {
+ if (--port->count < 0) {
printk("rs_close: bad serial port count for ttyS%d: %d\n",
- info->line, info->count);
- info->count = 0;
+ info->line, port->count);
+ port->count = 0;
}
- if (info->count) {
+ if (port->count) {
local_irq_restore(flags);
return;
}
- info->flags |= S_CLOSING;
+ port->flags |= ASYNC_CLOSING;
/*
* Now we wait for the transmit buffer to clear; and we notify
* the line discipline to only process XON/XOFF characters.
*/
tty->closing = 1;
- if (info->closing_wait != S_CLOSING_WAIT_NONE)
- tty_wait_until_sent(tty, info->closing_wait);
+ if (port->closing_wait != ASYNC_CLOSING_WAIT_NONE)
+ tty_wait_until_sent(tty, port->closing_wait);
/*
* At this point we stop accepting input. To do this, we
* disable the receive line status interrupts, and tell the
@@ -1040,13 +1058,12 @@ static void rs_close(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file * filp)
uart->ustcnt &= ~USTCNT_RXEN;
uart->ustcnt &= ~(USTCNT_RXEN | USTCNT_RX_INTR_MASK);
- shutdown(info);
+ shutdown(info, tty);
rs_flush_buffer(tty);
tty_ldisc_flush(tty);
tty->closing = 0;
- info->event = 0;
- info->tty = NULL;
+ tty_port_tty_set(&info->tport, NULL);
#warning "This is not and has never been valid so fix it"
#if 0
if (tty->ldisc.num != ldiscs[N_TTY].num) {
@@ -1058,14 +1075,13 @@ static void rs_close(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file * filp)
(tty->ldisc.open)(tty);
}
#endif
- if (info->blocked_open) {
- if (info->close_delay) {
- msleep_interruptible(jiffies_to_msecs(info->close_delay));
- }
- wake_up_interruptible(&info->open_wait);
+ if (port->blocked_open) {
+ if (port->close_delay)
+ msleep_interruptible(jiffies_to_msecs(port->close_delay));
+ wake_up_interruptible(&port->open_wait);
}
- info->flags &= ~(S_NORMAL_ACTIVE|S_CLOSING);
- wake_up_interruptible(&info->close_wait);
+ port->flags &= ~(ASYNC_NORMAL_ACTIVE|ASYNC_CLOSING);
+ wake_up_interruptible(&port->close_wait);
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
@@ -1080,107 +1096,14 @@ void rs_hangup(struct tty_struct *tty)
return;
rs_flush_buffer(tty);
- shutdown(info);
- info->event = 0;
- info->count = 0;
- info->flags &= ~S_NORMAL_ACTIVE;
- info->tty = NULL;
- wake_up_interruptible(&info->open_wait);
+ shutdown(info, tty);
+ info->tport.count = 0;
+ info->tport.flags &= ~ASYNC_NORMAL_ACTIVE;
+ tty_port_tty_set(&info->tport, NULL);
+ wake_up_interruptible(&info->tport.open_wait);
}
/*
- * ------------------------------------------------------------
- * rs_open() and friends
- * ------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-static int block_til_ready(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file * filp,
- struct m68k_serial *info)
-{
- DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);
- int retval;
- int do_clocal = 0;
-
- /*
- * If the device is in the middle of being closed, then block
- * until it's done, and then try again.
- */
- if (info->flags & S_CLOSING) {
- interruptible_sleep_on(&info->close_wait);
-#ifdef SERIAL_DO_RESTART
- if (info->flags & S_HUP_NOTIFY)
- return -EAGAIN;
- else
- return -ERESTARTSYS;
-#else
- return -EAGAIN;
-#endif
- }
-
- /*
- * If non-blocking mode is set, or the port is not enabled,
- * then make the check up front and then exit.
- */
- if ((filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) ||
- (tty->flags & (1 << TTY_IO_ERROR))) {
- info->flags |= S_NORMAL_ACTIVE;
- return 0;
- }
-
- if (tty->termios->c_cflag & CLOCAL)
- do_clocal = 1;
-
- /*
- * Block waiting for the carrier detect and the line to become
- * free (i.e., not in use by the callout). While we are in
- * this loop, info->count is dropped by one, so that
- * rs_close() knows when to free things. We restore it upon
- * exit, either normal or abnormal.
- */
- retval = 0;
- add_wait_queue(&info->open_wait, &wait);
-
- info->count--;
- info->blocked_open++;
- while (1) {
- local_irq_disable();
- m68k_rtsdtr(info, 1);
- local_irq_enable();
- current->state = TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE;
- if (tty_hung_up_p(filp) ||
- !(info->flags & S_INITIALIZED)) {
-#ifdef SERIAL_DO_RESTART
- if (info->flags & S_HUP_NOTIFY)
- retval = -EAGAIN;
- else
- retval = -ERESTARTSYS;
-#else
- retval = -EAGAIN;
-#endif
- break;
- }
- if (!(info->flags & S_CLOSING) && do_clocal)
- break;
- if (signal_pending(current)) {
- retval = -ERESTARTSYS;
- break;
- }
- tty_unlock();
- schedule();
- tty_lock();
- }
- current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
- remove_wait_queue(&info->open_wait, &wait);
- if (!tty_hung_up_p(filp))
- info->count++;
- info->blocked_open--;
-
- if (retval)
- return retval;
- info->flags |= S_NORMAL_ACTIVE;
- return 0;
-}
-
-/*
* This routine is called whenever a serial port is opened. It
* enables interrupts for a serial port, linking in its S structure into
* the IRQ chain. It also performs the serial-specific
@@ -1196,18 +1119,18 @@ int rs_open(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file * filp)
if (serial_paranoia_check(info, tty->name, "rs_open"))
return -ENODEV;
- info->count++;
+ info->tport.count++;
tty->driver_data = info;
- info->tty = tty;
+ tty_port_tty_set(&info->tport, tty);
/*
* Start up serial port
*/
- retval = startup(info);
+ retval = startup(info, tty);
if (retval)
return retval;
- return block_til_ready(tty, filp, info);
+ return tty_port_block_til_ready(&info->tport, tty, filp);
}
/* Finally, routines used to initialize the serial driver. */
@@ -1235,11 +1158,15 @@ static const struct tty_operations rs_ops = {
.set_ldisc = rs_set_ldisc,
};
+static const struct tty_port_operations rs_port_ops = {
+};
+
/* rs_init inits the driver */
static int __init
rs68328_init(void)
{
- int flags, i;
+ unsigned long flags;
+ int i;
struct m68k_serial *info;
serial_driver = alloc_tty_driver(NR_PORTS);
@@ -1273,19 +1200,13 @@ rs68328_init(void)
for(i=0;i<NR_PORTS;i++) {
info = &m68k_soft[i];
+ tty_port_init(&info->tport);
+ info->tport.ops = &rs_port_ops;
info->magic = SERIAL_MAGIC;
info->port = (int) &uart_addr[i];
- info->tty = NULL;
info->irq = uart_irqs[i];
info->custom_divisor = 16;
- info->close_delay = 50;
- info->closing_wait = 3000;
info->x_char = 0;
- info->event = 0;
- info->count = 0;
- info->blocked_open = 0;
- init_waitqueue_head(&info->open_wait);
- init_waitqueue_head(&info->close_wait);
info->line = i;
info->is_cons = 1; /* Means shortcuts work */