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path: root/drivers/char/sx.c
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2008-07-22tty: rework break handlingAlan Cox
Some hardware needs to do break handling itself and may have partial support only. Make break_ctl return an error code. Add a tty driver flag so you can indicate driver hardware side break support. Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-07-20tty: add more tty_port fieldsAlan Cox
Move more bits into the tty_port structure Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-07-20gs: use tty_portAlan Cox
Switch drivers using the old "generic serial" driver to use the tty_port structures Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-05-08sx.c: fix printk warnings on sparc32Andrew Morton
drivers/char/sx.c: In function 'sx_set_real_termios': drivers/char/sx.c:973: warning: format '%u' expects type 'unsigned int', but argument 2 has type 'long unsigned int' drivers/char/sx.c:999: warning: format '%x' expects type 'unsigned int', but argument 2 has type 'tcflag_t' drivers/char/sx.c:1012: warning: format '%x' expects type 'unsigned int', but argument 2 has type 'tcflag_t' sparc32 seems to use weird types for its tty things. [ Fine by me but this is ancient debug and most of the debug in sx just wants deleting eventually. - Alan ] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Acked-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-04-30drivers/char: replace remaining __FUNCTION__ occurrencesHarvey Harrison
__FUNCTION__ is gcc-specific, use __func__ Signed-off-by: Harvey Harrison <harvey.harrison@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-04-30char serial: switch drivers to ioremap_nocacheAlan Cox
Simple search/replace except for synclink.c where I noticed a real bug and fixed it too. It was doing NULL + offset, then checking for NULL if the remap failed. Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Cc: Paul Fulghum <paulkf@microgate.com> Acked-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-04-30sx: prepare for BKL pushdownAlan Cox
Wrap the ioctl handler, and in this case the break handler also in the BKL. Remove bogus softcar handlers. Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-10-19Use helpers to obtain task pid in printksPavel Emelyanov
The task_struct->pid member is going to be deprecated, so start using the helpers (task_pid_nr/task_pid_vnr/task_pid_nr_ns) in the kernel. The first thing to start with is the pid, printed to dmesg - in this case we may safely use task_pid_nr(). Besides, printks produce more (much more) than a half of all the explicit pid usage. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: git-drm went and changed lots of stuff] Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-07-10sx: switch subven and subid valuesJiri Slaby
sx.c is failing to locate Graham's card. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Graham Murray <gmurray@webwayone.co.uk> Cc: <stable@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2006-12-13[PATCH] sx: fix non-PCI buildJiri Slaby
When CONFIG_PCI is not defined (i.e. PCI bus is disabled), the sx driver fails to link, since some pci functions are not available. Fix this behaviour to be able to compile this driver on machines with no PCI bus (but with ISA bus support). Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, request regionsJiri Slaby
Check regions if they are free before we touch them. Release them in failpaths. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, use pci_iomapJiri Slaby
Use pci_ friends for memory remapping of pci devices. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, fix return in module initJiri Slaby
If pci_register_driver fails, but eisa_driver_register doesn't, we don't call misc_deregister, but returns error. Return OK in such cases. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, simplify timer logicJiri Slaby
Use kernel helpers for changing timer internals. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, whitespace cleanupJiri Slaby
Use Lindent to cleanup whitespace. Wrap long lines by hand. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, remove duplicite codeJiri Slaby
sx_remove_code contents were used twice. Call this function instead. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, lock boards structJiri Slaby
Fix race condition which may occurs when multiple cards are probed at the same time. Add mutex to critical sections to avoid this situation. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, ifdef ISA codeJiri Slaby
Most users won't need old probe code -- make it depndent on CONFIG_(E)ISA. Cc: <R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, use eisa probingJiri Slaby
Instead of finding eisa directly, use eisa probing. Cc: <R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, mark functions as devinitJiri Slaby
Mark as much as possible functions as __devinit to free them after driver initialization (if no hotplug). Cc: <R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, use kcallocJiri Slaby
Convert self-implemented kzalloc to kernel kcalloc. Cc: <R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: sx, convert to pci probingJiri Slaby
Convert old pci code to pci probing. Cc: <R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] Char: isicom, remove cvs stuffJiri Slaby
We don't need RCS_ID & co. Extract them from the code and define only one macro -- SX_VERSION. Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com> Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-12-08[PATCH] tty: switch to ktermiosAlan Cox
This is the grungy swap all the occurrences in the right places patch that goes with the updates. At this point we have the same functionality as before (except that sgttyb() returns speeds not zero) and are ready to begin turning new stuff on providing nobody reports lots of bugs If you are a tty driver author converting an out of tree driver the only impact should be termios->ktermios name changes for the speed/property setting functions from your upper layers. If you are implementing your own TCGETS function before then your driver was broken already and its about to get a whole lot more painful for you so please fix it 8) Also fill in c_ispeed/ospeed on init for most devices, although the current code will do this for you anyway but I'd like eventually to lose that extra paranoia [akpm@osdl.org: bluetooth fix] [mp3@de.ibm.com: sclp fix] [mp3@de.ibm.com: warning fix for tty3270] [hugh@veritas.com: fix tty_ioctl powerpc build] [jdike@addtoit.com: uml: fix ->set_termios declaration] Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Martin Peschke <mp3@de.ibm.com> Acked-by: Peter Oberparleiter <oberpar@de.ibm.com> Cc: Cornelia Huck <cornelia.huck@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com> Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Cc: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-10-17[PATCH] sx: fix user-visible typo (devic)Alexey Dobriyan
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Acked-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-10-05IRQ: Maintain regs pointer globally rather than passing to IRQ handlersDavid Howells
Maintain a per-CPU global "struct pt_regs *" variable which can be used instead of passing regs around manually through all ~1800 interrupt handlers in the Linux kernel. The regs pointer is used in few places, but it potentially costs both stack space and code to pass it around. On the FRV arch, removing the regs parameter from all the genirq function results in a 20% speed up of the IRQ exit path (ie: from leaving timer_interrupt() to leaving do_IRQ()). Where appropriate, an arch may override the generic storage facility and do something different with the variable. On FRV, for instance, the address is maintained in GR28 at all times inside the kernel as part of general exception handling. Having looked over the code, it appears that the parameter may be handed down through up to twenty or so layers of functions. Consider a USB character device attached to a USB hub, attached to a USB controller that posts its interrupts through a cascaded auxiliary interrupt controller. A character device driver may want to pass regs to the sysrq handler through the input layer which adds another few layers of parameter passing. I've build this code with allyesconfig for x86_64 and i386. I've runtested the main part of the code on FRV and i386, though I can't test most of the drivers. I've also done partial conversion for powerpc and MIPS - these at least compile with minimal configurations. This will affect all archs. Mostly the changes should be relatively easy. Take do_IRQ(), store the regs pointer at the beginning, saving the old one: struct pt_regs *old_regs = set_irq_regs(regs); And put the old one back at the end: set_irq_regs(old_regs); Don't pass regs through to generic_handle_irq() or __do_IRQ(). In timer_interrupt(), this sort of change will be necessary: - update_process_times(user_mode(regs)); - profile_tick(CPU_PROFILING, regs); + update_process_times(user_mode(get_irq_regs())); + profile_tick(CPU_PROFILING); I'd like to move update_process_times()'s use of get_irq_regs() into itself, except that i386, alone of the archs, uses something other than user_mode(). Some notes on the interrupt handling in the drivers: (*) input_dev() is now gone entirely. The regs pointer is no longer stored in the input_dev struct. (*) finish_unlinks() in drivers/usb/host/ohci-q.c needs checking. It does something different depending on whether it's been supplied with a regs pointer or not. (*) Various IRQ handler function pointers have been moved to type irq_handler_t. Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> (cherry picked from 1b16e7ac850969f38b375e511e3fa2f474a33867 commit)
2006-10-04Remove all inclusions of <linux/config.h>Dave Jones
kbuild explicitly includes this at build time. Signed-off-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
2006-10-02[PATCH] const struct tty_operationsJeff Dike
As part of an SMP cleanliness pass over UML, I consted a bunch of structures in order to not have to document their locking. One of these structures was a struct tty_operations. In order to const it in UML without introducing compiler complaints, the declaration of tty_set_operations needs to be changed, and then all of its callers need to be fixed. This patch declares all struct tty_operations in the tree as const. In all cases, they are static and used only as input to tty_set_operations. As an extra check, I ran an i386 allyesconfig build which produced no extra warnings. 53 drivers are affected. I checked the history of a bunch of them, and in most cases, there have been only a handful of maintenance changes in the last six months. serial_core.c was the busiest one that I looked at. Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Acked-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-07-03[PATCH] make more file_operation structs staticArjan van de Ven
Mark the static struct file_operations in drivers/char as const. Making them const prevents accidental bugs, and moves them to the .rodata section so that they no longer do any false sharing; in addition with the proper debug option they are then protected against corruption.. [akpm@osdl.org: build fix] Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-07-02[PATCH] irq-flags: drivers/char: Use the new IRQF_ constantsThomas Gleixner
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-27[PATCH] spin/rwlock init cleanupsIngo Molnar
locking init cleanups: - convert " = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED" to spin_lock_init() or DEFINE_SPINLOCK() - convert rwlocks in a similar manner this patch was generated automatically. Motivation: - cleanliness - lockdep needs control of lock initialization, which the open-coded variants do not give - it's also useful for -rt and for lock debugging in general Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-23[PATCH] sem2mutex: serial ->port_write_mutexIngo Molnar
Semaphore to mutex conversion. The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated automatically via a script as well. Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-02-27[PATCH] Fix Specialix SX corruptionMarc Zyngier
With the latest kernels, I experienced some strange corruption, some '*****' being randomly inserted in the character flow, like this: ashes:~# ashes:~# a*******shes:~# ashes:~# ashes:~# Further investigation shows that the problem was introduced during Alan's "TTY layer buffering revamp" patch, the amount of data to be copied being reduced after buffer allocation. Moving the count fixup around solves the problem. Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@misterjones.org> Approved-by: Rogier Wolff <R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-02-26[PATCH] Fix Specialix SI probingMarc Zyngier
As the (probably) last user of a Specialix SI board, I noticed that recent kernels would fail to probe the sucker. Quick investigation indicate a few missing braces... I left the double probing in place, as it looks like it's been here forever. Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@misterjones.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-02-03[PATCH] sx.c printk warning fixesAndrew Morton
drivers/char/sx.c: In function `sx_set_real_termios': drivers/char/sx.c:934: warning: long unsigned int format, different type arg (arg 2) drivers/char/sx.c:961: warning: long unsigned int format, different type arg (arg 2) drivers/char/sx.c:976: warning: long unsigned int format, different type arg (arg 2) Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-02-03[PATCH] sx.c warning fixesAndrew Morton
drivers/char/sx.c: In function `sx_set_real_termios': drivers/char/sx.c:934: warning: int format, long unsigned int arg (arg 2) drivers/char/sx.c:961: warning: unsigned int format, tcflag_t arg (arg 2) drivers/char/sx.c:976: warning: unsigned int format, tcflag_t arg (arg 2) Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-01-10[PATCH] TTY layer buffering revampAlan Cox
The API and code have been through various bits of initial review by serial driver people but they definitely need to live somewhere for a while so the unconverted drivers can get knocked into shape, existing drivers that have been updated can be better tuned and bugs whacked out. This replaces the tty flip buffers with kmalloc objects in rings. In the normal situation for an IRQ driven serial port at typical speeds the behaviour is pretty much the same, two buffers end up allocated and the kernel cycles between them as before. When there are delays or at high speed we now behave far better as the buffer pool can grow a bit rather than lose characters. This also means that we can operate at higher speeds reliably. For drivers that receive characters in blocks (DMA based, USB and especially virtualisation) the layer allows a lot of driver specific code that works around the tty layer with private secondary queues to be removed. The IBM folks need this sort of layer, the smart serial port people do, the virtualisers do (because a virtualised tty typically operates at infinite speed rather than emulating 9600 baud). Finally many drivers had invalid and unsafe attempts to avoid buffer overflows by directly invoking tty methods extracted out of the innards of work queue structs. These are no longer needed and all go away. That fixes various random hangs with serial ports on overflow. The other change in here is to optimise the receive_room path that is used by some callers. It turns out that only one ldisc uses receive room except asa constant and it updates it far far less than the value is read. We thus make it a variable not a function call. I expect the code to contain bugs due to the size alone but I'll be watching and squashing them and feeding out new patches as it goes. Because the buffers now dynamically expand you should only run out of buffering when the kernel runs out of memory for real. That means a lot of the horrible hacks high performance drivers used to do just aren't needed any more. Description: tty_insert_flip_char is an old API and continues to work as before, as does tty_flip_buffer_push() [this is why many drivers dont need modification]. It does now also return the number of chars inserted There are also tty_buffer_request_room(tty, len) which asks for a buffer block of the length requested and returns the space found. This improves efficiency with hardware that knows how much to transfer. and tty_insert_flip_string_flags(tty, str, flags, len) to insert a string of characters and flags For a smart interface the usual code is len = tty_request_buffer_room(tty, amount_hardware_says); tty_insert_flip_string(tty, buffer_from_card, len); More description! At the moment tty buffers are attached directly to the tty. This is causing a lot of the problems related to tty layer locking, also problems at high speed and also with bursty data (such as occurs in virtualised environments) I'm working on ripping out the flip buffers and replacing them with a pool of dynamically allocated buffers. This allows both for old style "byte I/O" devices and also helps virtualisation and smart devices where large blocks of data suddenely materialise and need storing. So far so good. Lots of drivers reference tty->flip.*. Several of them also call directly and unsafely into function pointers it provides. This will all break. Most drivers can use tty_insert_flip_char which can be kept as an API but others need more. At the moment I've added the following interfaces, if people think more will be needed now is a good time to say int tty_buffer_request_room(tty, size) Try and ensure at least size bytes are available, returns actual room (may be zero). At the moment it just uses the flipbuf space but that will change. Repeated calls without characters being added are not cumulative. (ie if you call it with 1, 1, 1, and then 4 you'll have four characters of space. The other functions will also try and grow buffers in future but this will be a more efficient way when you know block sizes. int tty_insert_flip_char(tty, ch, flag) As before insert a character if there is room. Now returns 1 for success, 0 for failure. int tty_insert_flip_string(tty, str, len) Insert a block of non error characters. Returns the number inserted. int tty_prepare_flip_string(tty, strptr, len) Adjust the buffer to allow len characters to be added. Returns a buffer pointer in strptr and the length available. This allows for hardware that needs to use functions like insl or mencpy_fromio. Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@redhat.com> Cc: Paul Fulghum <paulkf@microgate.com> Signed-off-by: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org> Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Signed-off-by: John Hawkes <hawkes@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-01-10[PATCH] drivers/char: Use ARRAY_SIZE macroTobias Klauser
Use ARRAY_SIZE macro instead of sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0]) and remove duplicates of ARRAY_SIZE. Signed-off-by: Tobias Klauser <tklauser@nuerscht.ch> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2005-04-16Linux-2.6.12-rc2v2.6.12-rc2Linus Torvalds
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history, even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about 3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good infrastructure for it. Let it rip!