From 9e975dae2970d22557662761c8505ce9fd165684 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:46 -0800 Subject: fat: split include/msdos_fs.h This splits __KERNEL__ stuff in include/msdos_fs.h into fs/fat/fat.h. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/inode.c | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index 2b2eec1283b..3921de2013a 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ #include #include #include -#include #include #include #include @@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ #include #include #include +#include "fat.h" #ifndef CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET /* if user don't select VFAT, this is undefined. */ -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From 7decd1cb0305b97243f283fa7f4baf5fe613edeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:47 -0800 Subject: fat: Fix and cleanup timestamp conversion This cleans date_dos2unix()/fat_date_unix2dos() up. New code should be much more readable. And this fixes those old functions. Those doesn't handle 2100 correctly. 2100 isn't leap year, but old one handles it as leap year. Also, with this, centi sec is handled and is fixed. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/dir.c | 6 ++- fs/fat/fat.h | 7 +-- fs/fat/inode.c | 34 ++++-------- fs/fat/misc.c | 148 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------- fs/fat/namei_msdos.c | 2 +- fs/fat/namei_vfat.c | 5 +- 6 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/dir.c b/fs/fat/dir.c index 08b23ad25f1..a601c6d45bc 100644 --- a/fs/fat/dir.c +++ b/fs/fat/dir.c @@ -1089,6 +1089,7 @@ int fat_alloc_new_dir(struct inode *dir, struct timespec *ts) struct msdos_dir_entry *de; sector_t blknr; __le16 date, time; + u8 time_cs; int err, cluster; err = fat_alloc_clusters(dir, &cluster, 1); @@ -1102,7 +1103,7 @@ int fat_alloc_new_dir(struct inode *dir, struct timespec *ts) goto error_free; } - fat_date_unix2dos(ts->tv_sec, &time, &date, sbi->options.tz_utc); + fat_time_unix2fat(sbi, ts, &time, &date, &time_cs); de = (struct msdos_dir_entry *)bhs[0]->b_data; /* filling the new directory slots ("." and ".." entries) */ @@ -1112,13 +1113,14 @@ int fat_alloc_new_dir(struct inode *dir, struct timespec *ts) de[0].lcase = de[1].lcase = 0; de[0].time = de[1].time = time; de[0].date = de[1].date = date; - de[0].ctime_cs = de[1].ctime_cs = 0; if (sbi->options.isvfat) { /* extra timestamps */ de[0].ctime = de[1].ctime = time; + de[0].ctime_cs = de[1].ctime_cs = time_cs; de[0].adate = de[0].cdate = de[1].adate = de[1].cdate = date; } else { de[0].ctime = de[1].ctime = 0; + de[0].ctime_cs = de[1].ctime_cs = 0; de[0].adate = de[0].cdate = de[1].adate = de[1].cdate = 0; } de[0].start = cpu_to_le16(cluster); diff --git a/fs/fat/fat.h b/fs/fat/fat.h index 51f1c42ca5e..a2a570f8171 100644 --- a/fs/fat/fat.h +++ b/fs/fat/fat.h @@ -263,9 +263,10 @@ extern int fat_flush_inodes(struct super_block *sb, struct inode *i1, extern void fat_fs_panic(struct super_block *s, const char *fmt, ...); extern void fat_clusters_flush(struct super_block *sb); extern int fat_chain_add(struct inode *inode, int new_dclus, int nr_cluster); -extern int date_dos2unix(unsigned short time, unsigned short date, int tz_utc); -extern void fat_date_unix2dos(int unix_date, __le16 *time, __le16 *date, - int tz_utc); +extern void fat_time_fat2unix(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, struct timespec *ts, + __le16 __time, __le16 __date, u8 time_cs); +extern void fat_time_unix2fat(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, struct timespec *ts, + __le16 *time, __le16 *date, u8 *time_cs); extern int fat_sync_bhs(struct buffer_head **bhs, int nr_bhs); int fat_cache_init(void); diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index 3921de2013a..079d9d5e0d3 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -381,22 +381,12 @@ static int fat_fill_inode(struct inode *inode, struct msdos_dir_entry *de) MSDOS_I(inode)->i_attrs = de->attr & ATTR_UNUSED; inode->i_blocks = ((inode->i_size + (sbi->cluster_size - 1)) & ~((loff_t)sbi->cluster_size - 1)) >> 9; - inode->i_mtime.tv_sec = - date_dos2unix(le16_to_cpu(de->time), le16_to_cpu(de->date), - sbi->options.tz_utc); - inode->i_mtime.tv_nsec = 0; + + fat_time_fat2unix(sbi, &inode->i_mtime, de->time, de->date, 0); if (sbi->options.isvfat) { - int secs = de->ctime_cs / 100; - int csecs = de->ctime_cs % 100; - inode->i_ctime.tv_sec = - date_dos2unix(le16_to_cpu(de->ctime), - le16_to_cpu(de->cdate), - sbi->options.tz_utc) + secs; - inode->i_ctime.tv_nsec = csecs * 10000000; - inode->i_atime.tv_sec = - date_dos2unix(0, le16_to_cpu(de->adate), - sbi->options.tz_utc); - inode->i_atime.tv_nsec = 0; + fat_time_fat2unix(sbi, &inode->i_ctime, de->ctime, + de->cdate, de->ctime_cs); + fat_time_fat2unix(sbi, &inode->i_atime, 0, de->adate, 0); } else inode->i_ctime = inode->i_atime = inode->i_mtime; @@ -591,16 +581,14 @@ retry: raw_entry->attr = fat_attr(inode); raw_entry->start = cpu_to_le16(MSDOS_I(inode)->i_logstart); raw_entry->starthi = cpu_to_le16(MSDOS_I(inode)->i_logstart >> 16); - fat_date_unix2dos(inode->i_mtime.tv_sec, &raw_entry->time, - &raw_entry->date, sbi->options.tz_utc); + fat_time_unix2fat(sbi, &inode->i_mtime, &raw_entry->time, + &raw_entry->date, NULL); if (sbi->options.isvfat) { __le16 atime; - fat_date_unix2dos(inode->i_ctime.tv_sec, &raw_entry->ctime, - &raw_entry->cdate, sbi->options.tz_utc); - fat_date_unix2dos(inode->i_atime.tv_sec, &atime, - &raw_entry->adate, sbi->options.tz_utc); - raw_entry->ctime_cs = (inode->i_ctime.tv_sec & 1) * 100 + - inode->i_ctime.tv_nsec / 10000000; + fat_time_unix2fat(sbi, &inode->i_ctime, &raw_entry->ctime, + &raw_entry->cdate, &raw_entry->ctime_cs); + fat_time_unix2fat(sbi, &inode->i_atime, &atime, + &raw_entry->adate, NULL); } spin_unlock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); mark_buffer_dirty(bh); diff --git a/fs/fat/misc.c b/fs/fat/misc.c index 91ad9be18ff..a191e79e66a 100644 --- a/fs/fat/misc.c +++ b/fs/fat/misc.c @@ -135,65 +135,131 @@ int fat_chain_add(struct inode *inode, int new_dclus, int nr_cluster) extern struct timezone sys_tz; +/* + * The epoch of FAT timestamp is 1980. + * : bits : value + * date: 0 - 4: day (1 - 31) + * date: 5 - 8: month (1 - 12) + * date: 9 - 15: year (0 - 127) from 1980 + * time: 0 - 4: sec (0 - 29) 2sec counts + * time: 5 - 10: min (0 - 59) + * time: 11 - 15: hour (0 - 23) + */ +#define SECS_PER_MIN 60 +#define SECS_PER_HOUR (60 * 60) +#define SECS_PER_DAY (SECS_PER_HOUR * 24) +#define UNIX_SECS_1980 315532800L +#if BITS_PER_LONG == 64 +#define UNIX_SECS_2108 4354819200L +#endif +/* days between 1.1.70 and 1.1.80 (2 leap days) */ +#define DAYS_DELTA (365 * 10 + 2) +/* 120 (2100 - 1980) isn't leap year */ +#define YEAR_2100 120 +#define IS_LEAP_YEAR(y) (!((y) & 3) && (y) != YEAR_2100) + /* Linear day numbers of the respective 1sts in non-leap years. */ -static int day_n[] = { - /* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec */ - 0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334, 0, 0, 0, 0 +static time_t days_in_year[] = { + /* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec */ + 0, 0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334, 0, 0, 0, }; -/* Convert a MS-DOS time/date pair to a UNIX date (seconds since 1 1 70). */ -int date_dos2unix(unsigned short time, unsigned short date, int tz_utc) +/* Convert a FAT time/date pair to a UNIX date (seconds since 1 1 70). */ +void fat_time_fat2unix(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, struct timespec *ts, + __le16 __time, __le16 __date, u8 time_cs) { - int month, year, secs; + u16 time = le16_to_cpu(__time), date = le16_to_cpu(__date); + time_t second, day, leap_day, month, year; - /* - * first subtract and mask after that... Otherwise, if - * date == 0, bad things happen - */ - month = ((date >> 5) - 1) & 15; - year = date >> 9; - secs = (time & 31)*2+60*((time >> 5) & 63)+(time >> 11)*3600+86400* - ((date & 31)-1+day_n[month]+(year/4)+year*365-((year & 3) == 0 && - month < 2 ? 1 : 0)+3653); - /* days since 1.1.70 plus 80's leap day */ - if (!tz_utc) - secs += sys_tz.tz_minuteswest*60; - return secs; + year = date >> 9; + month = max(1, (date >> 5) & 0xf); + day = max(1, date & 0x1f) - 1; + + leap_day = (year + 3) / 4; + if (year > YEAR_2100) /* 2100 isn't leap year */ + leap_day--; + if (IS_LEAP_YEAR(year) && month > 2) + leap_day++; + + second = (time & 0x1f) << 1; + second += ((time >> 5) & 0x3f) * SECS_PER_MIN; + second += (time >> 11) * SECS_PER_HOUR; + second += (year * 365 + leap_day + + days_in_year[month] + day + + DAYS_DELTA) * SECS_PER_DAY; + + if (!sbi->options.tz_utc) + second += sys_tz.tz_minuteswest * SECS_PER_MIN; + + if (time_cs) { + ts->tv_sec = second + (time_cs / 100); + ts->tv_nsec = (time_cs % 100) * 10000000; + } else { + ts->tv_sec = second; + ts->tv_nsec = 0; + } } -/* Convert linear UNIX date to a MS-DOS time/date pair. */ -void fat_date_unix2dos(int unix_date, __le16 *time, __le16 *date, int tz_utc) +/* Convert linear UNIX date to a FAT time/date pair. */ +void fat_time_unix2fat(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, struct timespec *ts, + __le16 *time, __le16 *date, u8 *time_cs) { - int day, year, nl_day, month; + time_t second = ts->tv_sec; + time_t day, leap_day, month, year; - if (!tz_utc) - unix_date -= sys_tz.tz_minuteswest*60; + if (!sbi->options.tz_utc) + second -= sys_tz.tz_minuteswest * SECS_PER_MIN; /* Jan 1 GMT 00:00:00 1980. But what about another time zone? */ - if (unix_date < 315532800) - unix_date = 315532800; - - *time = cpu_to_le16((unix_date % 60)/2+(((unix_date/60) % 60) << 5)+ - (((unix_date/3600) % 24) << 11)); - day = unix_date/86400-3652; - year = day/365; - if ((year+3)/4+365*year > day) + if (second < UNIX_SECS_1980) { + *time = 0; + *date = cpu_to_le16((0 << 9) | (1 << 5) | 1); + if (time_cs) + *time_cs = 0; + return; + } +#if BITS_PER_LONG == 64 + if (second >= UNIX_SECS_2108) { + *time = cpu_to_le16((23 << 11) | (59 << 5) | 29); + *date = cpu_to_le16((127 << 9) | (12 << 5) | 31); + if (time_cs) + *time_cs = 199; + return; + } +#endif + + day = second / SECS_PER_DAY - DAYS_DELTA; + year = day / 365; + leap_day = (year + 3) / 4; + if (year > YEAR_2100) /* 2100 isn't leap year */ + leap_day--; + if (year * 365 + leap_day > day) year--; - day -= (year+3)/4+365*year; - if (day == 59 && !(year & 3)) { - nl_day = day; + leap_day = (year + 3) / 4; + if (year > YEAR_2100) /* 2100 isn't leap year */ + leap_day--; + day -= year * 365 + leap_day; + + if (IS_LEAP_YEAR(year) && day == days_in_year[3]) { month = 2; } else { - nl_day = (year & 3) || day <= 59 ? day : day-1; - for (month = 0; month < 12; month++) { - if (day_n[month] > nl_day) + if (IS_LEAP_YEAR(year) && day > days_in_year[3]) + day--; + for (month = 1; month < 12; month++) { + if (days_in_year[month + 1] > day) break; } } - *date = cpu_to_le16(nl_day-day_n[month-1]+1+(month << 5)+(year << 9)); -} + day -= days_in_year[month]; -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(fat_date_unix2dos); + *time = cpu_to_le16(((second / SECS_PER_HOUR) % 24) << 11 + | ((second / SECS_PER_MIN) % 60) << 5 + | (second % SECS_PER_MIN) >> 1); + *date = cpu_to_le16((year << 9) | (month << 5) | (day + 1)); + if (time_cs) + *time_cs = (ts->tv_sec & 1) * 100 + ts->tv_nsec / 10000000; +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(fat_time_unix2fat); int fat_sync_bhs(struct buffer_head **bhs, int nr_bhs) { diff --git a/fs/fat/namei_msdos.c b/fs/fat/namei_msdos.c index c0a4d5cd99b..e92e8158eba 100644 --- a/fs/fat/namei_msdos.c +++ b/fs/fat/namei_msdos.c @@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ static int msdos_add_entry(struct inode *dir, const unsigned char *name, if (is_hid) de.attr |= ATTR_HIDDEN; de.lcase = 0; - fat_date_unix2dos(ts->tv_sec, &time, &date, sbi->options.tz_utc); + fat_time_unix2fat(sbi, ts, &time, &date, NULL); de.cdate = de.adate = 0; de.ctime = 0; de.ctime_cs = 0; diff --git a/fs/fat/namei_vfat.c b/fs/fat/namei_vfat.c index facf3bf0211..1536bc3ca0f 100644 --- a/fs/fat/namei_vfat.c +++ b/fs/fat/namei_vfat.c @@ -568,6 +568,7 @@ static int vfat_build_slots(struct inode *dir, const unsigned char *name, unsigned char msdos_name[MSDOS_NAME]; wchar_t *uname; __le16 time, date; + u8 time_cs; int err, ulen, usize, i; loff_t offset; @@ -620,10 +621,10 @@ shortname: memcpy(de->name, msdos_name, MSDOS_NAME); de->attr = is_dir ? ATTR_DIR : ATTR_ARCH; de->lcase = lcase; - fat_date_unix2dos(ts->tv_sec, &time, &date, sbi->options.tz_utc); + fat_time_unix2fat(sbi, ts, &time, &date, &time_cs); de->time = de->ctime = time; de->date = de->cdate = de->adate = date; - de->ctime_cs = 0; + de->ctime_cs = time_cs; de->start = cpu_to_le16(cluster); de->starthi = cpu_to_le16(cluster >> 16); de->size = 0; -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From d3dfa8228f87ab9960ab8b4718013d68e3c25a43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:49 -0800 Subject: fat: improve fat_hash() fat_hash() is using the algorithm known as bad. Instead of it, this uses hash_32(). The following is the summary of test. old hash: hash func (1000 times): 33489 cycles total inodes in hash table: 70926 largest bucket contains: 696 smallest bucket contains: 54 new hash: hash func (1000 times): 33129 cycles total inodes in hash table: 70926 largest bucket contains: 315 smallest bucket contains: 236 Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/fat.h | 1 - fs/fat/inode.c | 18 +++++++----------- 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/fat.h b/fs/fat/fat.h index a2a570f8171..2b8e94c3eef 100644 --- a/fs/fat/fat.h +++ b/fs/fat/fat.h @@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ struct fat_mount_options { #define FAT_HASH_BITS 8 #define FAT_HASH_SIZE (1UL << FAT_HASH_BITS) -#define FAT_HASH_MASK (FAT_HASH_SIZE-1) /* * MS-DOS file system in-core superblock data diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index 079d9d5e0d3..f58cd48d98b 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ #include #include #include +#include #include #include "fat.h" @@ -247,25 +248,21 @@ static void fat_hash_init(struct super_block *sb) INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&sbi->inode_hashtable[i]); } -static inline unsigned long fat_hash(struct super_block *sb, loff_t i_pos) +static inline unsigned long fat_hash(loff_t i_pos) { - unsigned long tmp = (unsigned long)i_pos | (unsigned long) sb; - tmp = tmp + (tmp >> FAT_HASH_BITS) + (tmp >> FAT_HASH_BITS * 2); - return tmp & FAT_HASH_MASK; + return hash_32(i_pos, FAT_HASH_BITS); } void fat_attach(struct inode *inode, loff_t i_pos) { - struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb; - struct msdos_sb_info *sbi = MSDOS_SB(sb); + struct msdos_sb_info *sbi = MSDOS_SB(inode->i_sb); + struct hlist_head *head = sbi->inode_hashtable + fat_hash(i_pos); spin_lock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); MSDOS_I(inode)->i_pos = i_pos; - hlist_add_head(&MSDOS_I(inode)->i_fat_hash, - sbi->inode_hashtable + fat_hash(sb, i_pos)); + hlist_add_head(&MSDOS_I(inode)->i_fat_hash, head); spin_unlock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); } - EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(fat_attach); void fat_detach(struct inode *inode) @@ -276,13 +273,12 @@ void fat_detach(struct inode *inode) hlist_del_init(&MSDOS_I(inode)->i_fat_hash); spin_unlock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); } - EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(fat_detach); struct inode *fat_iget(struct super_block *sb, loff_t i_pos) { struct msdos_sb_info *sbi = MSDOS_SB(sb); - struct hlist_head *head = sbi->inode_hashtable + fat_hash(sb, i_pos); + struct hlist_head *head = sbi->inode_hashtable + fat_hash(i_pos); struct hlist_node *_p; struct msdos_inode_info *i; struct inode *inode = NULL; -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From a993b542bb4cd3e5a64863b7ef892bbebec2239b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:50 -0800 Subject: fat: use fat_detach() in fat_clear_inode() Use fat_detach() instead of opencoding it. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/inode.c | 7 +------ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index f58cd48d98b..8e1b75c63c7 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -429,13 +429,8 @@ static void fat_delete_inode(struct inode *inode) static void fat_clear_inode(struct inode *inode) { - struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb; - struct msdos_sb_info *sbi = MSDOS_SB(sb); - - spin_lock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); fat_cache_inval_inode(inode); - hlist_del_init(&MSDOS_I(inode)->i_fat_hash); - spin_unlock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); + fat_detach(inode); } static void fat_write_super(struct super_block *sb) -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From 9c0aa1b87bf541affef519eb4879ce7c5a5941ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:54 -0800 Subject: fat: Cleanup FAT attribute stuff This adds three helpers: fat_make_attrs() - makes FAT attributes from inode. fat_make_mode() - makes mode_t from FAT attributes. fat_save_attrs() - saves FAT attributes to inode. Then this replaces: MSDOS_MKMODE() by fat_make_mode(), fat_attr() by fat_make_attrs(), ->i_attrs = attr & ATTR_UNUSED by fat_save_attrs(). And for root inode, those is used with ATTR_DIR instead of bogus ATTR_NONE. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/fat.h | 20 +++++++++++++++++++- fs/fat/file.c | 32 ++++++++++++-------------------- fs/fat/inode.c | 19 +++++++++---------- include/linux/msdos_fs.h | 5 ----- 4 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/fat.h b/fs/fat/fat.h index 2b8e94c3eef..3b4753a024e 100644 --- a/fs/fat/fat.h +++ b/fs/fat/fat.h @@ -117,14 +117,32 @@ static inline struct msdos_inode_info *MSDOS_I(struct inode *inode) return container_of(inode, struct msdos_inode_info, vfs_inode); } +/* Convert attribute bits and a mask to the UNIX mode. */ +static inline mode_t fat_make_mode(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, + u8 attrs, mode_t mode) +{ + if (attrs & ATTR_RO) + mode &= ~S_IWUGO; + + if (attrs & ATTR_DIR) + return (mode & ~sbi->options.fs_dmask) | S_IFDIR; + else + return (mode & ~sbi->options.fs_fmask) | S_IFREG; +} + /* Return the FAT attribute byte for this inode */ -static inline u8 fat_attr(struct inode *inode) +static inline u8 fat_make_attrs(struct inode *inode) { return ((inode->i_mode & S_IWUGO) ? ATTR_NONE : ATTR_RO) | (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) ? ATTR_DIR : ATTR_NONE) | MSDOS_I(inode)->i_attrs; } +static inline void fat_save_attrs(struct inode *inode, u8 attrs) +{ + MSDOS_I(inode)->i_attrs = attrs & ATTR_UNUSED; +} + static inline unsigned char fat_checksum(const __u8 *name) { unsigned char s = name[0]; diff --git a/fs/fat/file.c b/fs/fat/file.c index b21973f266a..f5a7e907a8f 100644 --- a/fs/fat/file.c +++ b/fs/fat/file.c @@ -27,13 +27,7 @@ int fat_generic_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp, switch (cmd) { case FAT_IOCTL_GET_ATTRIBUTES: { - u32 attr; - - if (inode->i_ino == MSDOS_ROOT_INO) - attr = ATTR_DIR; - else - attr = fat_attr(inode); - + u32 attr = fat_make_attrs(inode); return put_user(attr, user_attr); } case FAT_IOCTL_SET_ATTRIBUTES: @@ -62,20 +56,16 @@ int fat_generic_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp, /* Merge in ATTR_VOLUME and ATTR_DIR */ attr |= (MSDOS_I(inode)->i_attrs & ATTR_VOLUME) | (is_dir ? ATTR_DIR : 0); - oldattr = fat_attr(inode); + oldattr = fat_make_attrs(inode); /* Equivalent to a chmod() */ ia.ia_valid = ATTR_MODE | ATTR_CTIME; ia.ia_ctime = current_fs_time(inode->i_sb); - if (is_dir) { - ia.ia_mode = MSDOS_MKMODE(attr, - S_IRWXUGO & ~sbi->options.fs_dmask) - | S_IFDIR; - } else { - ia.ia_mode = MSDOS_MKMODE(attr, - (S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO | (inode->i_mode & S_IXUGO)) - & ~sbi->options.fs_fmask) - | S_IFREG; + if (is_dir) + ia.ia_mode = fat_make_mode(sbi, attr, S_IRWXUGO); + else { + ia.ia_mode = fat_make_mode(sbi, attr, + S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO | (inode->i_mode & S_IXUGO)); } /* The root directory has no attributes */ @@ -115,7 +105,7 @@ int fat_generic_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp, inode->i_flags &= S_IMMUTABLE; } - MSDOS_I(inode)->i_attrs = attr & ATTR_UNUSED; + fat_save_attrs(inode, attr); mark_inode_dirty(inode); up: mnt_drop_write(filp->f_path.mnt); @@ -274,7 +264,7 @@ static int fat_sanitize_mode(const struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, /* * Note, the basic check is already done by a caller of - * (attr->ia_mode & ~MSDOS_VALID_MODE) + * (attr->ia_mode & ~FAT_VALID_MODE) */ if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) @@ -314,6 +304,8 @@ static int fat_allow_set_time(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, struct inode *inode) } #define TIMES_SET_FLAGS (ATTR_MTIME_SET | ATTR_ATIME_SET | ATTR_TIMES_SET) +/* valid file mode bits */ +#define FAT_VALID_MODE (S_IFREG | S_IFDIR | S_IRWXUGO) int fat_setattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *attr) { @@ -356,7 +348,7 @@ int fat_setattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *attr) ((attr->ia_valid & ATTR_GID) && (attr->ia_gid != sbi->options.fs_gid)) || ((attr->ia_valid & ATTR_MODE) && - (attr->ia_mode & ~MSDOS_VALID_MODE))) + (attr->ia_mode & ~FAT_VALID_MODE))) error = -EPERM; if (error) { diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index 8e1b75c63c7..7aaa21cf019 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -337,8 +337,7 @@ static int fat_fill_inode(struct inode *inode, struct msdos_dir_entry *de) if ((de->attr & ATTR_DIR) && !IS_FREE(de->name)) { inode->i_generation &= ~1; - inode->i_mode = MSDOS_MKMODE(de->attr, - S_IRWXUGO & ~sbi->options.fs_dmask) | S_IFDIR; + inode->i_mode = fat_make_mode(sbi, de->attr, S_IRWXUGO); inode->i_op = sbi->dir_ops; inode->i_fop = &fat_dir_operations; @@ -355,10 +354,9 @@ static int fat_fill_inode(struct inode *inode, struct msdos_dir_entry *de) inode->i_nlink = fat_subdirs(inode); } else { /* not a directory */ inode->i_generation |= 1; - inode->i_mode = MSDOS_MKMODE(de->attr, - ((sbi->options.showexec && !is_exec(de->name + 8)) - ? S_IRUGO|S_IWUGO : S_IRWXUGO) - & ~sbi->options.fs_fmask) | S_IFREG; + inode->i_mode = fat_make_mode(sbi, de->attr, + ((sbi->options.showexec && !is_exec(de->name + 8)) + ? S_IRUGO|S_IWUGO : S_IRWXUGO)); MSDOS_I(inode)->i_start = le16_to_cpu(de->start); if (sbi->fat_bits == 32) MSDOS_I(inode)->i_start |= (le16_to_cpu(de->starthi) << 16); @@ -374,7 +372,8 @@ static int fat_fill_inode(struct inode *inode, struct msdos_dir_entry *de) if (sbi->options.sys_immutable) inode->i_flags |= S_IMMUTABLE; } - MSDOS_I(inode)->i_attrs = de->attr & ATTR_UNUSED; + fat_save_attrs(inode, de->attr); + inode->i_blocks = ((inode->i_size + (sbi->cluster_size - 1)) & ~((loff_t)sbi->cluster_size - 1)) >> 9; @@ -569,7 +568,7 @@ retry: raw_entry->size = 0; else raw_entry->size = cpu_to_le32(inode->i_size); - raw_entry->attr = fat_attr(inode); + raw_entry->attr = fat_make_attrs(inode); raw_entry->start = cpu_to_le16(MSDOS_I(inode)->i_logstart); raw_entry->starthi = cpu_to_le16(MSDOS_I(inode)->i_logstart >> 16); fat_time_unix2fat(sbi, &inode->i_mtime, &raw_entry->time, @@ -1105,7 +1104,7 @@ static int fat_read_root(struct inode *inode) inode->i_gid = sbi->options.fs_gid; inode->i_version++; inode->i_generation = 0; - inode->i_mode = (S_IRWXUGO & ~sbi->options.fs_dmask) | S_IFDIR; + inode->i_mode = fat_make_mode(sbi, ATTR_DIR, S_IRWXUGO); inode->i_op = sbi->dir_ops; inode->i_fop = &fat_dir_operations; if (sbi->fat_bits == 32) { @@ -1122,7 +1121,7 @@ static int fat_read_root(struct inode *inode) MSDOS_I(inode)->i_logstart = 0; MSDOS_I(inode)->mmu_private = inode->i_size; - MSDOS_I(inode)->i_attrs = ATTR_NONE; + fat_save_attrs(inode, ATTR_DIR); inode->i_mtime.tv_sec = inode->i_atime.tv_sec = inode->i_ctime.tv_sec = 0; inode->i_mtime.tv_nsec = inode->i_atime.tv_nsec = inode->i_ctime.tv_nsec = 0; inode->i_nlink = fat_subdirs(inode)+2; diff --git a/include/linux/msdos_fs.h b/include/linux/msdos_fs.h index 0982fb47a90..e0a9b207920 100644 --- a/include/linux/msdos_fs.h +++ b/include/linux/msdos_fs.h @@ -46,11 +46,6 @@ #define DELETED_FLAG 0xe5 /* marks file as deleted when in name[0] */ #define IS_FREE(n) (!*(n) || *(n) == DELETED_FLAG) -/* valid file mode bits */ -#define MSDOS_VALID_MODE (S_IFREG | S_IFDIR | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO) -/* Convert attribute bits and a mask to the UNIX mode. */ -#define MSDOS_MKMODE(a, m) (m & (a & ATTR_RO ? S_IRUGO|S_IXUGO : S_IRWXUGO)) - #define MSDOS_NAME 11 /* maximum name length */ #define MSDOS_LONGNAME 256 /* maximum name length */ #define MSDOS_SLOTS 21 /* max # of slots for short and long names */ -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From dfc209c0064efef5590f608056a48b61a5cac09c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:55 -0800 Subject: fat: Fix ATTR_RO for directory FAT has the ATTR_RO (read-only) attribute. But on Windows, the ATTR_RO of the directory will be just ignored actually, and is used by only applications as flag. E.g. it's setted for the customized folder by Explorer. http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa969337.aspx This adds "rodir" option. If user specified it, ATTR_RO is used as read-only flag even if it's the directory. Otherwise, inode->i_mode is not used to hold ATTR_RO (i.e. fat_mode_can_save_ro() returns 0). Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt | 8 ++++++++ fs/fat/fat.h | 14 ++++++++++---- fs/fat/file.c | 16 ++++++++++++---- fs/fat/inode.c | 17 +++++++++++++---- 4 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt index dc9dc73d7d3..3a5ddc96901 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/vfat.txt @@ -124,6 +124,14 @@ sys_immutable -- If set, ATTR_SYS attribute on FAT is handled as flush -- If set, the filesystem will try to flush to disk more early than normal. Not set by default. +rodir -- FAT has the ATTR_RO (read-only) attribute. But on Windows, + the ATTR_RO of the directory will be just ignored actually, + and is used by only applications as flag. E.g. it's setted + for the customized folder. + + If you want to use ATTR_RO as read-only flag even for + the directory, set this option. + : 0,1,yes,no,true,false TODO diff --git a/fs/fat/fat.h b/fs/fat/fat.h index 313b645b812..e9dce5d8e7a 100644 --- a/fs/fat/fat.h +++ b/fs/fat/fat.h @@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ struct fat_mount_options { flush:1, /* write things quickly */ nocase:1, /* Does this need case conversion? 0=need case conversion*/ usefree:1, /* Use free_clusters for FAT32 */ - tz_utc:1; /* Filesystem timestamps are in UTC */ + tz_utc:1, /* Filesystem timestamps are in UTC */ + rodir:1; /* allow ATTR_RO for directory */ }; #define FAT_HASH_BITS 8 @@ -120,15 +121,20 @@ static inline struct msdos_inode_info *MSDOS_I(struct inode *inode) /* * If ->i_mode can't hold S_IWUGO (i.e. ATTR_RO), we use ->i_attrs to * save ATTR_RO instead of ->i_mode. + * + * If it's directory and !sbi->options.rodir, ATTR_RO isn't read-only + * bit, it's just used as flag for app. */ static inline int fat_mode_can_hold_ro(struct inode *inode) { struct msdos_sb_info *sbi = MSDOS_SB(inode->i_sb); mode_t mask; - if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) + if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) { + if (!sbi->options.rodir) + return 0; mask = ~sbi->options.fs_dmask; - else + } else mask = ~sbi->options.fs_fmask; if (!(mask & S_IWUGO)) @@ -140,7 +146,7 @@ static inline int fat_mode_can_hold_ro(struct inode *inode) static inline mode_t fat_make_mode(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, u8 attrs, mode_t mode) { - if (attrs & ATTR_RO) + if (attrs & ATTR_RO && !((attrs & ATTR_DIR) && !sbi->options.rodir)) mode &= ~S_IWUGO; if (attrs & ATTR_DIR) diff --git a/fs/fat/file.c b/fs/fat/file.c index 81b15c62380..f06a4e525ec 100644 --- a/fs/fat/file.c +++ b/fs/fat/file.c @@ -282,11 +282,18 @@ static int fat_sanitize_mode(const struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, /* * Of the r and x bits, all (subject to umask) must be present. Of the * w bits, either all (subject to umask) or none must be present. + * + * If fat_mode_can_hold_ro(inode) is false, can't change w bits. */ if ((perm & (S_IRUGO | S_IXUGO)) != (inode->i_mode & (S_IRUGO|S_IXUGO))) return -EPERM; - if ((perm & S_IWUGO) && ((perm & S_IWUGO) != (S_IWUGO & ~mask))) - return -EPERM; + if (fat_mode_can_hold_ro(inode)) { + if ((perm & S_IWUGO) && ((perm & S_IWUGO) != (S_IWUGO & ~mask))) + return -EPERM; + } else { + if ((perm & S_IWUGO) != (S_IWUGO & ~mask)) + return -EPERM; + } *mode_ptr &= S_IFMT | perm; @@ -316,8 +323,8 @@ int fat_setattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *attr) { struct msdos_sb_info *sbi = MSDOS_SB(dentry->d_sb); struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode; - int error = 0; unsigned int ia_valid; + int error; /* * Expand the file. Since inode_setattr() updates ->i_size @@ -371,7 +378,8 @@ int fat_setattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *attr) attr->ia_valid &= ~ATTR_MODE; } - error = inode_setattr(inode, attr); + if (attr->ia_valid) + error = inode_setattr(inode, attr); out: return error; } diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index 7aaa21cf019..0da04e6d1e3 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -797,8 +797,10 @@ static int fat_show_options(struct seq_file *m, struct vfsmount *mnt) seq_puts(m, ",uni_xlate"); if (!opts->numtail) seq_puts(m, ",nonumtail"); + if (opts->rodir) + seq_puts(m, ",rodir"); } - if (sbi->options.flush) + if (opts->flush) seq_puts(m, ",flush"); if (opts->tz_utc) seq_puts(m, ",tz=UTC"); @@ -814,7 +816,7 @@ enum { Opt_charset, Opt_shortname_lower, Opt_shortname_win95, Opt_shortname_winnt, Opt_shortname_mixed, Opt_utf8_no, Opt_utf8_yes, Opt_uni_xl_no, Opt_uni_xl_yes, Opt_nonumtail_no, Opt_nonumtail_yes, - Opt_obsolate, Opt_flush, Opt_tz_utc, Opt_err, + Opt_obsolate, Opt_flush, Opt_tz_utc, Opt_rodir, Opt_err, }; static const match_table_t fat_tokens = { @@ -886,6 +888,7 @@ static const match_table_t vfat_tokens = { {Opt_nonumtail_yes, "nonumtail=yes"}, {Opt_nonumtail_yes, "nonumtail=true"}, {Opt_nonumtail_yes, "nonumtail"}, + {Opt_rodir, "rodir"}, {Opt_err, NULL} }; @@ -905,10 +908,13 @@ static int parse_options(char *options, int is_vfat, int silent, int *debug, opts->allow_utime = -1; opts->codepage = fat_default_codepage; opts->iocharset = fat_default_iocharset; - if (is_vfat) + if (is_vfat) { opts->shortname = VFAT_SFN_DISPLAY_LOWER|VFAT_SFN_CREATE_WIN95; - else + opts->rodir = 0; + } else { opts->shortname = 0; + opts->rodir = 1; + } opts->name_check = 'n'; opts->quiet = opts->showexec = opts->sys_immutable = opts->dotsOK = 0; opts->utf8 = opts->unicode_xlate = 0; @@ -1059,6 +1065,9 @@ static int parse_options(char *options, int is_vfat, int silent, int *debug, case Opt_nonumtail_yes: /* empty or 1 or yes or true */ opts->numtail = 0; /* negated option */ break; + case Opt_rodir: + opts->rodir = 1; + break; /* obsolete mount options */ case Opt_obsolate: -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From fa93ca18a8b0da4e26bd9491ad144cd14d22f8ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:56 -0800 Subject: fat: Fix _fat_bmap() race fat_get_cluster() assumes the requested blocknr isn't truncated during read. _fat_bmap() doesn't follow this rule. This protects it by ->i_mutex. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/inode.c | 9 ++++++++- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index 0da04e6d1e3..be88208b83a 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -199,7 +199,14 @@ static ssize_t fat_direct_IO(int rw, struct kiocb *iocb, static sector_t _fat_bmap(struct address_space *mapping, sector_t block) { - return generic_block_bmap(mapping, block, fat_get_block); + sector_t blocknr; + + /* fat_get_cluster() assumes the requested blocknr isn't truncated. */ + mutex_lock(&mapping->host->i_mutex); + blocknr = generic_block_bmap(mapping, block, fat_get_block); + mutex_unlock(&mapping->host->i_mutex); + + return blocknr; } static const struct address_space_operations fat_aops = { -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From 2bdf67eb1631f30e2f3f5d49e4007c76e88877a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:57 -0800 Subject: fat: mmu_private race fix mmu_private is 64bits value, hence it's not atomic to update. So, the access rule for mmu_private is we must hold ->i_mutex. But, fat_get_block() path doesn't follow the rule on non-allocation path. This fixes by using i_size instead if non-allocation path. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/cache.c | 23 ++++++++++++++++++----- fs/fat/dir.c | 2 +- fs/fat/fat.h | 6 ++++-- fs/fat/inode.c | 4 ++-- 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/cache.c b/fs/fat/cache.c index 589edde9053..b4260229808 100644 --- a/fs/fat/cache.c +++ b/fs/fat/cache.c @@ -293,10 +293,12 @@ static int fat_bmap_cluster(struct inode *inode, int cluster) } int fat_bmap(struct inode *inode, sector_t sector, sector_t *phys, - unsigned long *mapped_blocks) + unsigned long *mapped_blocks, int create) { struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb; struct msdos_sb_info *sbi = MSDOS_SB(sb); + const unsigned long blocksize = sb->s_blocksize; + const unsigned char blocksize_bits = sb->s_blocksize_bits; sector_t last_block; int cluster, offset; @@ -309,10 +311,21 @@ int fat_bmap(struct inode *inode, sector_t sector, sector_t *phys, } return 0; } - last_block = (MSDOS_I(inode)->mmu_private + (sb->s_blocksize - 1)) - >> sb->s_blocksize_bits; - if (sector >= last_block) - return 0; + + last_block = (i_size_read(inode) + (blocksize - 1)) >> blocksize_bits; + if (sector >= last_block) { + if (!create) + return 0; + + /* + * ->mmu_private can access on only allocation path. + * (caller must hold ->i_mutex) + */ + last_block = (MSDOS_I(inode)->mmu_private + (blocksize - 1)) + >> blocksize_bits; + if (sector >= last_block) + return 0; + } cluster = sector >> (sbi->cluster_bits - sb->s_blocksize_bits); offset = sector & (sbi->sec_per_clus - 1); diff --git a/fs/fat/dir.c b/fs/fat/dir.c index 140fc39e230..2ecaa17acdb 100644 --- a/fs/fat/dir.c +++ b/fs/fat/dir.c @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ next: *bh = NULL; iblock = *pos >> sb->s_blocksize_bits; - err = fat_bmap(dir, iblock, &phys, &mapped_blocks); + err = fat_bmap(dir, iblock, &phys, &mapped_blocks, 0); if (err || !phys) return -1; /* beyond EOF or error */ diff --git a/fs/fat/fat.h b/fs/fat/fat.h index a69f7f9757c..4efc5038ed2 100644 --- a/fs/fat/fat.h +++ b/fs/fat/fat.h @@ -91,7 +91,9 @@ struct msdos_inode_info { /* for avoiding the race between fat_free() and fat_get_cluster() */ unsigned int cache_valid_id; - loff_t mmu_private; + /* NOTE: mmu_private is 64bits, so must hold ->i_mutex to access */ + loff_t mmu_private; /* physically allocated size */ + int i_start; /* first cluster or 0 */ int i_logstart; /* logical first cluster */ int i_attrs; /* unused attribute bits */ @@ -222,7 +224,7 @@ extern void fat_cache_inval_inode(struct inode *inode); extern int fat_get_cluster(struct inode *inode, int cluster, int *fclus, int *dclus); extern int fat_bmap(struct inode *inode, sector_t sector, sector_t *phys, - unsigned long *mapped_blocks); + unsigned long *mapped_blocks, int create); /* fat/dir.c */ extern const struct file_operations fat_dir_operations; diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index be88208b83a..9e37ad93c73 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ static inline int __fat_get_block(struct inode *inode, sector_t iblock, sector_t phys; int err, offset; - err = fat_bmap(inode, iblock, &phys, &mapped_blocks); + err = fat_bmap(inode, iblock, &phys, &mapped_blocks, create); if (err) return err; if (phys) { @@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static inline int __fat_get_block(struct inode *inode, sector_t iblock, *max_blocks = min(mapped_blocks, *max_blocks); MSDOS_I(inode)->mmu_private += *max_blocks << sb->s_blocksize_bits; - err = fat_bmap(inode, iblock, &phys, &mapped_blocks); + err = fat_bmap(inode, iblock, &phys, &mapped_blocks, create); if (err) return err; -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2 From 9ca59f4c3d28df14a1545a1e2832f34a0a50e3ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: OGAWA Hirofumi Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2008 12:53:57 -0800 Subject: fat: ->i_pos race fix i_pos is 64bits value, hence it's not atomic to update. Important place is fat_write_inode() only, other places without lock are just for printk(). This adds lock for "BITS_PER_LONG == 32" kernel. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- fs/fat/inode.c | 21 +++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) (limited to 'fs/fat/inode.c') diff --git a/fs/fat/inode.c b/fs/fat/inode.c index 9e37ad93c73..bdd8fb7be2c 100644 --- a/fs/fat/inode.c +++ b/fs/fat/inode.c @@ -542,6 +542,20 @@ static int fat_statfs(struct dentry *dentry, struct kstatfs *buf) return 0; } +static inline loff_t fat_i_pos_read(struct msdos_sb_info *sbi, + struct inode *inode) +{ + loff_t i_pos; +#if BITS_PER_LONG == 32 + spin_lock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); +#endif + i_pos = MSDOS_I(inode)->i_pos; +#if BITS_PER_LONG == 32 + spin_unlock(&sbi->inode_hash_lock); +#endif + return i_pos; +} + static int fat_write_inode(struct inode *inode, int wait) { struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb; @@ -551,9 +565,12 @@ static int fat_write_inode(struct inode *inode, int wait) loff_t i_pos; int err; + if (inode->i_ino == MSDOS_ROOT_INO) + return 0; + retry: - i_pos = MSDOS_I(inode)->i_pos; - if (inode->i_ino == MSDOS_ROOT_INO || !i_pos) + i_pos = fat_i_pos_read(sbi, inode); + if (!i_pos) return 0; bh = sb_bread(sb, i_pos >> sbi->dir_per_block_bits); -- cgit v1.2.3-70-g09d2