/* * linux/mm/oom_kill.c * * Copyright (C) 1998,2000 Rik van Riel * Thanks go out to Claus Fischer for some serious inspiration and * for goading me into coding this file... * * The routines in this file are used to kill a process when * we're seriously out of memory. This gets called from __alloc_pages() * in mm/page_alloc.c when we really run out of memory. * * Since we won't call these routines often (on a well-configured * machine) this file will double as a 'coding guide' and a signpost * for newbie kernel hackers. It features several pointers to major * kernel subsystems and hints as to where to find out what things do. */ #include <linux/mm.h> #include <linux/sched.h> #include <linux/swap.h> #include <linux/timex.h> #include <linux/jiffies.h> #include <linux/cpuset.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/notifier.h> int sysctl_panic_on_oom; /* #define DEBUG */ /** * badness - calculate a numeric value for how bad this task has been * @p: task struct of which task we should calculate * @uptime: current uptime in seconds * * The formula used is relatively simple and documented inline in the * function. The main rationale is that we want to select a good task * to kill when we run out of memory. * * Good in this context means that: * 1) we lose the minimum amount of work done * 2) we recover a large amount of memory * 3) we don't kill anything innocent of eating tons of memory * 4) we want to kill the minimum amount of processes (one) * 5) we try to kill the process the user expects us to kill, this * algorithm has been meticulously tuned to meet the principle * of least surprise ... (be careful when you change it) */ unsigned long badness(struct task_struct *p, unsigned long uptime) { unsigned long points, cpu_time, run_time, s; struct mm_struct *mm; struct task_struct *child; task_lock(p); mm = p->mm; if (!mm) { task_unlock(p); return 0; } /* * swapoff can easily use up all memory, so kill those first. */ if (p->flags & PF_SWAPOFF) return ULONG_MAX; /* * The memory size of the process is the basis for the badness. */ points = mm->total_vm; /* * After this unlock we can no longer dereference local variable `mm' */ task_unlock(p); /* * Processes which fork a lot of child processes are likely * a good choice. We add half the vmsize of the children if they * have an own mm. This prevents forking servers to flood the * machine with an endless amount of children. In case a single * child is eating the vast majority of memory, adding only half * to the parents will make the child our kill candidate of choice. */ list_for_each_entry(child, &p->children, sibling) { task_lock(child); if (child->mm != mm && child->mm) points += child->mm->total_vm/2 + 1; task_unlock(child); } /* * CPU time is in tens of seconds and run time is in thousands * of seconds. There is no particular reason for this other than * that it turned out to work very well in practice. */ cpu_time = (cputime_to_jiffies(p->utime) + cputime_to_jiffies(p->stime)) >> (SHIFT_HZ + 3); if (uptime >= p->start_time.tv_sec) run_time = (uptime - p->start_time.tv_sec) >> 10; else run_time = 0; s = int_sqrt(cpu_time); if (s) points /= s; s = int_sqrt(int_sqrt(run_time)); if (s) points /= s; /* * Niced processes are most likely less important, so double * their badness points. */ if (task_nice(p) > 0) points *= 2; /* * Superuser processes are usually more important, so we make it * less likely that we kill those. */ if (cap_t(p->cap_effective) & CAP_TO_MASK(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) || p->uid == 0 || p->euid == 0) points /= 4; /* * We don't want to kill a process with direct hardware access. * Not only could that mess up the hardware, but usually users * tend to only have this flag set on applications they think * of as important. */ if (cap_t(p->cap_effective) & CAP_TO_MASK(CAP_SYS_RAWIO)) points /= 4; /* * If p's nodes don't overlap ours, it may still help to kill p * because p may have allocated or otherwise mapped memory on * this node before. However it will be less likely. */ if (!cpuset_excl_nodes_overlap(p)) points /= 8; /* * Adjust the score by oomkilladj. */ if (p->oomkilladj) { if (p->oomkilladj > 0) points <<= p->oomkilladj; else points >>= -(p->oomkilladj); } #ifdef DEBUG printk(KERN_DEBUG "OOMkill: task %d (%s) got %d points\n", p->pid, p->comm, points); #endif return points; } /* * Types of limitations to the nodes from which allocations may occur */ #define CONSTRAINT_NONE 1 #define CONSTRAINT_MEMORY_POLICY 2 #define CONSTRAINT_CPUSET 3 /* * Determine the type of allocation constraint. */ static inline int constrained_alloc(struct zonelist *zonelist, gfp_t gfp_mask) { #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA struct zone **z; nodemask_t nodes = node_online_map; for (z = zonelist->zones; *z; z++) if (cpuset_zone_allowed(*z, gfp_mask)) node_clear(zone_to_nid(*z), nodes); else return CONSTRAINT_CPUSET; if (!nodes_empty(nodes)) return CONSTRAINT_MEMORY_POLICY; #endif return CONSTRAINT_NONE; } /* * Simple selection loop. We chose the process with the highest * number of 'points'. We expect the caller will lock the tasklist. * * (not docbooked, we don't want this one cluttering up the manual) */ static struct task_struct *select_bad_process(unsigned long *ppoints) { struct task_struct *g, *p; struct task_struct *chosen = NULL; struct timespec uptime; *ppoints = 0; do_posix_clock_monotonic_gettime(&uptime); do_each_thread(g, p) { unsigned long points; /* * skip kernel threads and tasks which have already released * their mm. */ if (!p->mm) continue; /* skip the init task */ if (is_init(p)) continue; /* * This task already has access to memory reserves and is * being killed. Don't allow any other task access to the * memory reserve. * * Note: this may have a chance of deadlock if it gets * blocked waiting for another task which itself is waiting * for memory. Is there a better alternative? */ if (test_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_MEMDIE)) return ERR_PTR(-1UL); /* * This is in the process of releasing memory so wait for it * to finish before killing some other task by mistake. * * However, if p is the current task, we allow the 'kill' to * go ahead if it is exiting: this will simply set TIF_MEMDIE, * which will allow it to gain access to memory reserves in * the process of exiting and releasing its resources. * Otherwise we could get an easy OOM deadlock. */ if (p->flags & PF_EXITING) { if (p != current) return ERR_PTR(-1UL); chosen = p; *ppoints = ULONG_MAX; } if (p->oomkilladj == OOM_DISABLE) continue; points = badness(p, uptime.tv_sec); if (points > *ppoints || !chosen) { chosen = p; *ppoints = points; } } while_each_thread(g, p); return chosen; } /** * Send SIGKILL to the selected process irrespective of CAP_SYS_RAW_IO * flag though it's unlikely that we select a process with CAP_SYS_RAW_IO * set. */ static void __oom_kill_task(struct task_struct *p, const char *message) { if (is_init(p)) { WARN_ON(1); printk(KERN_WARNING "tried to kill init!\n"); return; } if (!p->mm) { WARN_ON(1); printk(KERN_WARNING "tried to kill an mm-less task!\n"); return; } if (message) { printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Killed process %d (%s).\n", message, p->pid, p->comm); } /* * We give our sacrificial lamb high priority and access to * all the memory it needs. That way it should be able to * exit() and clear out its resources quickly... */ p->time_slice = HZ; set_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_MEMDIE); force_sig(SIGKILL, p); } static int oom_kill_task(struct task_struct *p, const char *message) { struct mm_struct *mm; struct task_struct *g, *q; mm = p->mm; /* WARNING: mm may not be dereferenced since we did not obtain its * value from get_task_mm(p). This is OK since all we need to do is * compare mm to q->mm below. * * Furthermore, even if mm contains a non-NULL value, p->mm may * change to NULL at any time since we do not hold task_lock(p). * However, this is of no concern to us. */ if (mm == NULL) return 1; __oom_kill_task(p, message); /* * kill all processes that share the ->mm (i.e. all threads), * but are in a different thread group */ do_each_thread(g, q) if (q->mm == mm && q->tgid != p->tgid) __oom_kill_task(q, message); while_each_thread(g, q); return 0; } static int oom_kill_process(struct task_struct *p, unsigned long points, const char *message) { struct task_struct *c; struct list_head *tsk; /* * If the task is already exiting, don't alarm the sysadmin or kill * its children or threads, just set TIF_MEMDIE so it can die quickly */ if (p->flags & PF_EXITING) { __oom_kill_task(p, NULL); return 0; } printk(KERN_ERR "Out of Memory: Kill process %d (%s) score %li" " and children.\n", p->pid, p->comm, points); /* Try to kill a child first */ list_for_each(tsk, &p->children) { c = list_entry(tsk, struct task_struct, sibling); if (c->mm == p->mm) continue; if (!oom_kill_task(c, message)) return 0; } return oom_kill_task(p, message); } static BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(oom_notify_list); int register_oom_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb) { return blocking_notifier_chain_register(&oom_notify_list, nb); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_oom_notifier); int unregister_oom_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb) { return blocking_notifier_chain_unregister(&oom_notify_list, nb); } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_oom_notifier); /** * out_of_memory - kill the "best" process when we run out of memory * * If we run out of memory, we have the choice between either * killing a random task (bad), letting the system crash (worse) * OR try to be smart about which process to kill. Note that we * don't have to be perfect here, we just have to be good. */ void out_of_memory(struct zonelist *zonelist, gfp_t gfp_mask, int order) { struct task_struct *p; unsigned long points = 0; unsigned long freed = 0; blocking_notifier_call_chain(&oom_notify_list, 0, &freed); if (freed > 0) /* Got some memory back in the last second. */ return; if (printk_ratelimit()) { printk(KERN_WARNING "%s invoked oom-killer: " "gfp_mask=0x%x, order=%d, oomkilladj=%d\n", current->comm, gfp_mask, order, current->oomkilladj); dump_stack(); show_mem(); } cpuset_lock(); read_lock(&tasklist_lock); /* * Check if there were limitations on the allocation (only relevant for * NUMA) that may require different handling. */ switch (constrained_alloc(zonelist, gfp_mask)) { case CONSTRAINT_MEMORY_POLICY: oom_kill_process(current, points, "No available memory (MPOL_BIND)"); break; case CONSTRAINT_CPUSET: oom_kill_process(current, points, "No available memory in cpuset"); break; case CONSTRAINT_NONE: if (sysctl_panic_on_oom) panic("out of memory. panic_on_oom is selected\n"); retry: /* * Rambo mode: Shoot down a process and hope it solves whatever * issues we may have. */ p = select_bad_process(&points); if (PTR_ERR(p) == -1UL) goto out; /* Found nothing?!?! Either we hang forever, or we panic. */ if (!p) { read_unlock(&tasklist_lock); cpuset_unlock(); panic("Out of memory and no killable processes...\n"); } if (oom_kill_process(p, points, "Out of memory")) goto retry; break; } out: read_unlock(&tasklist_lock); cpuset_unlock(); /* * Give "p" a good chance of killing itself before we * retry to allocate memory unless "p" is current */ if (!test_thread_flag(TIF_MEMDIE)) schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1); }