diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | drivers/lguest/lguest.c | 450 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S | 57 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | include/linux/lguest.h | 47 |
3 files changed, 508 insertions, 46 deletions
diff --git a/drivers/lguest/lguest.c b/drivers/lguest/lguest.c index e7d128312b2..7e7e9fb3aef 100644 --- a/drivers/lguest/lguest.c +++ b/drivers/lguest/lguest.c @@ -66,6 +66,12 @@ #include <asm/mce.h> #include <asm/io.h> +/*G:010 Welcome to the Guest! + * + * The Guest in our tale is a simple creature: identical to the Host but + * behaving in simplified but equivalent ways. In particular, the Guest is the + * same kernel as the Host (or at least, built from the same source code). :*/ + /* Declarations for definitions in lguest_guest.S */ extern char lguest_noirq_start[], lguest_noirq_end[]; extern const char lgstart_cli[], lgend_cli[]; @@ -84,7 +90,26 @@ struct lguest_data lguest_data = { struct lguest_device_desc *lguest_devices; static cycle_t clock_base; -static enum paravirt_lazy_mode lazy_mode; +/*G:035 Notice the lazy_hcall() above, rather than hcall(). This is our first + * real optimization trick! + * + * When lazy_mode is set, it means we're allowed to defer all hypercalls and do + * them as a batch when lazy_mode is eventually turned off. Because hypercalls + * are reasonably expensive, batching them up makes sense. For example, a + * large mmap might update dozens of page table entries: that code calls + * lguest_lazy_mode(PARAVIRT_LAZY_MMU), does the dozen updates, then calls + * lguest_lazy_mode(PARAVIRT_LAZY_NONE). + * + * So, when we're in lazy mode, we call async_hypercall() to store the call for + * future processing. When lazy mode is turned off we issue a hypercall to + * flush the stored calls. + * + * There's also a hack where "mode" is set to "PARAVIRT_LAZY_FLUSH" which + * indicates we're to flush any outstanding calls immediately. This is used + * when an interrupt handler does a kmap_atomic(): the page table changes must + * happen immediately even if we're in the middle of a batch. Usually we're + * not, though, so there's nothing to do. */ +static enum paravirt_lazy_mode lazy_mode; /* Note: not SMP-safe! */ static void lguest_lazy_mode(enum paravirt_lazy_mode mode) { if (mode == PARAVIRT_LAZY_FLUSH) { @@ -108,6 +133,16 @@ static void lazy_hcall(unsigned long call, async_hcall(call, arg1, arg2, arg3); } +/* async_hcall() is pretty simple: I'm quite proud of it really. We have a + * ring buffer of stored hypercalls which the Host will run though next time we + * do a normal hypercall. Each entry in the ring has 4 slots for the hypercall + * arguments, and a "hcall_status" word which is 0 if the call is ready to go, + * and 255 once the Host has finished with it. + * + * If we come around to a slot which hasn't been finished, then the table is + * full and we just make the hypercall directly. This has the nice side + * effect of causing the Host to run all the stored calls in the ring buffer + * which empties it for next time! */ void async_hcall(unsigned long call, unsigned long arg1, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3) { @@ -115,6 +150,9 @@ void async_hcall(unsigned long call, static unsigned int next_call; unsigned long flags; + /* Disable interrupts if not already disabled: we don't want an + * interrupt handler making a hypercall while we're already doing + * one! */ local_irq_save(flags); if (lguest_data.hcall_status[next_call] != 0xFF) { /* Table full, so do normal hcall which will flush table. */ @@ -124,7 +162,7 @@ void async_hcall(unsigned long call, lguest_data.hcalls[next_call].edx = arg1; lguest_data.hcalls[next_call].ebx = arg2; lguest_data.hcalls[next_call].ecx = arg3; - /* Make sure host sees arguments before "valid" flag. */ + /* Arguments must all be written before we mark it to go */ wmb(); lguest_data.hcall_status[next_call] = 0; if (++next_call == LHCALL_RING_SIZE) @@ -132,9 +170,14 @@ void async_hcall(unsigned long call, } local_irq_restore(flags); } +/*:*/ +/* Wrappers for the SEND_DMA and BIND_DMA hypercalls. This is mainly because + * Jeff Garzik complained that __pa() should never appear in drivers, and this + * helps remove most of them. But also, it wraps some ugliness. */ void lguest_send_dma(unsigned long key, struct lguest_dma *dma) { + /* The hcall might not write this if something goes wrong */ dma->used_len = 0; hcall(LHCALL_SEND_DMA, key, __pa(dma), 0); } @@ -142,11 +185,16 @@ void lguest_send_dma(unsigned long key, struct lguest_dma *dma) int lguest_bind_dma(unsigned long key, struct lguest_dma *dmas, unsigned int num, u8 irq) { + /* This is the only hypercall which actually wants 5 arguments, and we + * only support 4. Fortunately the interrupt number is always less + * than 256, so we can pack it with the number of dmas in the final + * argument. */ if (!hcall(LHCALL_BIND_DMA, key, __pa(dmas), (num << 8) | irq)) return -ENOMEM; return 0; } +/* Unbinding is the same hypercall as binding, but with 0 num & irq. */ void lguest_unbind_dma(unsigned long key, struct lguest_dma *dmas) { hcall(LHCALL_BIND_DMA, key, __pa(dmas), 0); @@ -164,35 +212,65 @@ void lguest_unmap(void *addr) iounmap((__force void __iomem *)addr); } +/*G:033 + * Here are our first native-instruction replacements: four functions for + * interrupt control. + * + * The simplest way of implementing these would be to have "turn interrupts + * off" and "turn interrupts on" hypercalls. Unfortunately, this is too slow: + * these are by far the most commonly called functions of those we override. + * + * So instead we keep an "irq_enabled" field inside our "struct lguest_data", + * which the Guest can update with a single instruction. The Host knows to + * check there when it wants to deliver an interrupt. + */ + +/* save_flags() is expected to return the processor state (ie. "eflags"). The + * eflags word contains all kind of stuff, but in practice Linux only cares + * about the interrupt flag. Our "save_flags()" just returns that. */ static unsigned long save_fl(void) { return lguest_data.irq_enabled; } +/* "restore_flags" just sets the flags back to the value given. */ static void restore_fl(unsigned long flags) { - /* FIXME: Check if interrupt pending... */ lguest_data.irq_enabled = flags; } +/* Interrupts go off... */ static void irq_disable(void) { lguest_data.irq_enabled = 0; } +/* Interrupts go on... */ static void irq_enable(void) { - /* FIXME: Check if interrupt pending... */ lguest_data.irq_enabled = X86_EFLAGS_IF; } +/*G:034 + * The Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT). + * + * The IDT tells the processor what to do when an interrupt comes in. Each + * entry in the table is a 64-bit descriptor: this holds the privilege level, + * address of the handler, and... well, who cares? The Guest just asks the + * Host to make the change anyway, because the Host controls the real IDT. + */ static void lguest_write_idt_entry(struct desc_struct *dt, int entrynum, u32 low, u32 high) { + /* Keep the local copy up to date. */ write_dt_entry(dt, entrynum, low, high); + /* Tell Host about this new entry. */ hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_IDT_ENTRY, entrynum, low, high); } +/* Changing to a different IDT is very rare: we keep the IDT up-to-date every + * time it is written, so we can simply loop through all entries and tell the + * Host about them. */ static void lguest_load_idt(const struct Xgt_desc_struct *desc) { unsigned int i; @@ -202,12 +280,29 @@ static void lguest_load_idt(const struct Xgt_desc_struct *desc) hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_IDT_ENTRY, i, idt[i].a, idt[i].b); } +/* + * The Global Descriptor Table. + * + * The Intel architecture defines another table, called the Global Descriptor + * Table (GDT). You tell the CPU where it is (and its size) using the "lgdt" + * instruction, and then several other instructions refer to entries in the + * table. There are three entries which the Switcher needs, so the Host simply + * controls the entire thing and the Guest asks it to make changes using the + * LOAD_GDT hypercall. + * + * This is the opposite of the IDT code where we have a LOAD_IDT_ENTRY + * hypercall and use that repeatedly to load a new IDT. I don't think it + * really matters, but wouldn't it be nice if they were the same? + */ static void lguest_load_gdt(const struct Xgt_desc_struct *desc) { BUG_ON((desc->size+1)/8 != GDT_ENTRIES); hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_GDT, __pa(desc->address), GDT_ENTRIES, 0); } +/* For a single GDT entry which changes, we do the lazy thing: alter our GDT, + * then tell the Host to reload the entire thing. This operation is so rare + * that this naive implementation is reasonable. */ static void lguest_write_gdt_entry(struct desc_struct *dt, int entrynum, u32 low, u32 high) { @@ -215,19 +310,58 @@ static void lguest_write_gdt_entry(struct desc_struct *dt, hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_GDT, __pa(dt), GDT_ENTRIES, 0); } +/* OK, I lied. There are three "thread local storage" GDT entries which change + * on every context switch (these three entries are how glibc implements + * __thread variables). So we have a hypercall specifically for this case. */ static void lguest_load_tls(struct thread_struct *t, unsigned int cpu) { lazy_hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_TLS, __pa(&t->tls_array), cpu, 0); } +/*:*/ +/*G:038 That's enough excitement for now, back to ploughing through each of + * the paravirt_ops (we're about 1/3 of the way through). + * + * This is the Local Descriptor Table, another weird Intel thingy. Linux only + * uses this for some strange applications like Wine. We don't do anything + * here, so they'll get an informative and friendly Segmentation Fault. */ static void lguest_set_ldt(const void *addr, unsigned entries) { } +/* This loads a GDT entry into the "Task Register": that entry points to a + * structure called the Task State Segment. Some comments scattered though the + * kernel code indicate that this used for task switching in ages past, along + * with blood sacrifice and astrology. + * + * Now there's nothing interesting in here that we don't get told elsewhere. + * But the native version uses the "ltr" instruction, which makes the Host + * complain to the Guest about a Segmentation Fault and it'll oops. So we + * override the native version with a do-nothing version. */ static void lguest_load_tr_desc(void) { } +/* The "cpuid" instruction is a way of querying both the CPU identity + * (manufacturer, model, etc) and its features. It was introduced before the + * Pentium in 1993 and keeps getting extended by both Intel and AMD. As you + * might imagine, after a decade and a half this treatment, it is now a giant + * ball of hair. Its entry in the current Intel manual runs to 28 pages. + * + * This instruction even it has its own Wikipedia entry. The Wikipedia entry + * has been translated into 4 languages. I am not making this up! + * + * We could get funky here and identify ourselves as "GenuineLguest", but + * instead we just use the real "cpuid" instruction. Then I pretty much turned + * off feature bits until the Guest booted. (Don't say that: you'll damage + * lguest sales!) Shut up, inner voice! (Hey, just pointing out that this is + * hardly future proof.) Noone's listening! They don't like you anyway, + * parenthetic weirdo! + * + * Replacing the cpuid so we can turn features off is great for the kernel, but + * anyone (including userspace) can just use the raw "cpuid" instruction and + * the Host won't even notice since it isn't privileged. So we try not to get + * too worked up about it. */ static void lguest_cpuid(unsigned int *eax, unsigned int *ebx, unsigned int *ecx, unsigned int *edx) { @@ -240,21 +374,43 @@ static void lguest_cpuid(unsigned int *eax, unsigned int *ebx, *ecx &= 0x00002201; /* SSE, SSE2, FXSR, MMX, CMOV, CMPXCHG8B, FPU. */ *edx &= 0x07808101; - /* Host wants to know when we flush kernel pages: set PGE. */ + /* The Host can do a nice optimization if it knows that the + * kernel mappings (addresses above 0xC0000000 or whatever + * PAGE_OFFSET is set to) haven't changed. But Linux calls + * flush_tlb_user() for both user and kernel mappings unless + * the Page Global Enable (PGE) feature bit is set. */ *edx |= 0x00002000; break; case 0x80000000: /* Futureproof this a little: if they ask how much extended - * processor information, limit it to known fields. */ + * processor information there is, limit it to known fields. */ if (*eax > 0x80000008) *eax = 0x80000008; break; } } +/* Intel has four control registers, imaginatively named cr0, cr2, cr3 and cr4. + * I assume there's a cr1, but it hasn't bothered us yet, so we'll not bother + * it. The Host needs to know when the Guest wants to change them, so we have + * a whole series of functions like read_cr0() and write_cr0(). + * + * We start with CR0. CR0 allows you to turn on and off all kinds of basic + * features, but Linux only really cares about one: the horrifically-named Task + * Switched (TS) bit at bit 3 (ie. 8) + * + * What does the TS bit do? Well, it causes the CPU to trap (interrupt 7) if + * the floating point unit is used. Which allows us to restore FPU state + * lazily after a task switch, and Linux uses that gratefully, but wouldn't a + * name like "FPUTRAP bit" be a little less cryptic? + * + * We store cr0 (and cr3) locally, because the Host never changes it. The + * Guest sometimes wants to read it and we'd prefer not to bother the Host + * unnecessarily. */ static unsigned long current_cr0, current_cr3; static void lguest_write_cr0(unsigned long val) { + /* 8 == TS bit. */ lazy_hcall(LHCALL_TS, val & 8, 0, 0); current_cr0 = val; } @@ -264,17 +420,25 @@ static unsigned long lguest_read_cr0(void) return current_cr0; } +/* Intel provided a special instruction to clear the TS bit for people too cool + * to use write_cr0() to do it. This "clts" instruction is faster, because all + * the vowels have been optimized out. */ static void lguest_clts(void) { lazy_hcall(LHCALL_TS, 0, 0, 0); current_cr0 &= ~8U; } +/* CR2 is the virtual address of the last page fault, which the Guest only ever + * reads. The Host kindly writes this into our "struct lguest_data", so we + * just read it out of there. */ static unsigned long lguest_read_cr2(void) { return lguest_data.cr2; } +/* CR3 is the current toplevel pagetable page: the principle is the same as + * cr0. Keep a local copy, and tell the Host when it changes. */ static void lguest_write_cr3(unsigned long cr3) { lazy_hcall(LHCALL_NEW_PGTABLE, cr3, 0, 0); @@ -286,7 +450,7 @@ static unsigned long lguest_read_cr3(void) return current_cr3; } -/* Used to enable/disable PGE, but we don't care. */ +/* CR4 is used to enable and disable PGE, but we don't care. */ static unsigned long lguest_read_cr4(void) { return 0; @@ -296,6 +460,59 @@ static void lguest_write_cr4(unsigned long val) { } +/* + * Page Table Handling. + * + * Now would be a good time to take a rest and grab a coffee or similarly + * relaxing stimulant. The easy parts are behind us, and the trek gradually + * winds uphill from here. + * + * Quick refresher: memory is divided into "pages" of 4096 bytes each. The CPU + * maps virtual addresses to physical addresses using "page tables". We could + * use one huge index of 1 million entries: each address is 4 bytes, so that's + * 1024 pages just to hold the page tables. But since most virtual addresses + * are unused, we use a two level index which saves space. The CR3 register + * contains the physical address of the top level "page directory" page, which + * contains physical addresses of up to 1024 second-level pages. Each of these + * second level pages contains up to 1024 physical addresses of actual pages, + * or Page Table Entries (PTEs). + * + * Here's a diagram, where arrows indicate physical addresses: + * + * CR3 ---> +---------+ + * | --------->+---------+ + * | | | PADDR1 | + * Top-level | | PADDR2 | + * (PMD) page | | | + * | | Lower-level | + * | | (PTE) page | + * | | | | + * .... .... + * + * So to convert a virtual address to a physical address, we look up the top + * level, which points us to the second level, which gives us the physical + * address of that page. If the top level entry was not present, or the second + * level entry was not present, then the virtual address is invalid (we + * say "the page was not mapped"). + * + * Put another way, a 32-bit virtual address is divided up like so: + * + * 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + * |<---- 10 bits ---->|<---- 10 bits ---->|<------ 12 bits ------>| + * Index into top Index into second Offset within page + * page directory page pagetable page + * + * The kernel spends a lot of time changing both the top-level page directory + * and lower-level pagetable pages. The Guest doesn't know physical addresses, + * so while it maintains these page tables exactly like normal, it also needs + * to keep the Host informed whenever it makes a change: the Host will create + * the real page tables based on the Guests'. + */ + +/* The Guest calls this to set a second-level entry (pte), ie. to map a page + * into a process' address space. We set the entry then tell the Host the + * toplevel and address this corresponds to. The Guest uses one pagetable per + * process, so we need to tell the Host which one we're changing (mm->pgd). */ static void lguest_set_pte_at(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr, pte_t *ptep, pte_t pteval) { @@ -303,7 +520,9 @@ static void lguest_set_pte_at(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr, lazy_hcall(LHCALL_SET_PTE, __pa(mm->pgd), addr, pteval.pte_low); } -/* We only support two-level pagetables at the moment. */ +/* The Guest calls this to set a top-level entry. Again, we set the entry then + * tell the Host which top-level page we changed, and the index of the entry we + * changed. */ static void lguest_set_pmd(pmd_t *pmdp, pmd_t pmdval) { *pmdp = pmdval; @@ -311,7 +530,15 @@ static void lguest_set_pmd(pmd_t *pmdp, pmd_t pmdval) (__pa(pmdp)&(PAGE_SIZE-1))/4, 0); } -/* FIXME: Eliminate all callers of this. */ +/* There are a couple of legacy places where the kernel sets a PTE, but we + * don't know the top level any more. This is useless for us, since we don't + * know which pagetable is changing or what address, so we just tell the Host + * to forget all of them. Fortunately, this is very rare. + * + * ... except in early boot when the kernel sets up the initial pagetables, + * which makes booting astonishingly slow. So we don't even tell the Host + * anything changed until we've done the first page table switch. + */ static void lguest_set_pte(pte_t *ptep, pte_t pteval) { *ptep = pteval; @@ -320,22 +547,51 @@ static void lguest_set_pte(pte_t *ptep, pte_t pteval) lazy_hcall(LHCALL_FLUSH_TLB, 1, 0, 0); } +/* Unfortunately for Lguest, the paravirt_ops for page tables were based on + * native page table operations. On native hardware you can set a new page + * table entry whenever you want, but if you want to remove one you have to do + * a TLB flush (a TLB is a little cache of page table entries kept by the CPU). + * + * So the lguest_set_pte_at() and lguest_set_pmd() functions above are only + * called when a valid entry is written, not when it's removed (ie. marked not + * present). Instead, this is where we come when the Guest wants to remove a + * page table entry: we tell the Host to set that entry to 0 (ie. the present + * bit is zero). */ static void lguest_flush_tlb_single(unsigned long addr) { - /* Simply set it to zero, and it will fault back in. */ + /* Simply set it to zero: if it was not, it will fault back in. */ lazy_hcall(LHCALL_SET_PTE, current_cr3, addr, 0); } +/* This is what happens after the Guest has removed a large number of entries. + * This tells the Host that any of the page table entries for userspace might + * have changed, ie. virtual addresses below PAGE_OFFSET. */ static void lguest_flush_tlb_user(void) { lazy_hcall(LHCALL_FLUSH_TLB, 0, 0, 0); } +/* This is called when the kernel page tables have changed. That's not very + * common (unless the Guest is using highmem, which makes the Guest extremely + * slow), so it's worth separating this from the user flushing above. */ static void lguest_flush_tlb_kernel(void) { lazy_hcall(LHCALL_FLUSH_TLB, 1, 0, 0); } +/* + * The Unadvanced Programmable Interrupt Controller. + * + * This is an attempt to implement the simplest possible interrupt controller. + * I spent some time looking though routines like set_irq_chip_and_handler, + * set_irq_chip_and_handler_name, set_irq_chip_data and set_phasers_to_stun and + * I *think* this is as simple as it gets. + * + * We can tell the Host what interrupts we want blocked ready for using the + * lguest_data.interrupts bitmap, so disabling (aka "masking") them is as + * simple as setting a bit. We don't actually "ack" interrupts as such, we + * just mask and unmask them. I wonder if we should be cleverer? + */ static void disable_lguest_irq(unsigned int irq) { set_bit(irq, lguest_data.blocked_interrupts); @@ -344,9 +600,9 @@ static void disable_lguest_irq(unsigned int irq) static void enable_lguest_irq(unsigned int irq) { clear_bit(irq, lguest_data.blocked_interrupts); - /* FIXME: If it's pending? */ } +/* This structure describes the lguest IRQ controller. */ static struct irq_chip lguest_irq_controller = { .name = "lguest", .mask = disable_lguest_irq, @@ -354,6 +610,10 @@ static struct irq_chip lguest_irq_controller = { .unmask = enable_lguest_irq, }; +/* This sets up the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) entry for each hardware + * interrupt (except 128, which is used for system calls), and then tells the + * Linux infrastructure that each interrupt is controlled by our level-based + * lguest interrupt controller. */ static void __init lguest_init_IRQ(void) { unsigned int i; @@ -366,14 +626,24 @@ static void __init lguest_init_IRQ(void) handle_level_irq); } } + /* This call is required to set up for 4k stacks, where we have + * separate stacks for hard and soft interrupts. */ irq_ctx_init(smp_processor_id()); } +/* + * Time. + * + * It would be far better for everyone if the Guest had its own clock, but + * until then it must ask the Host for the time. + */ static unsigned long lguest_get_wallclock(void) { return hcall(LHCALL_GET_WALLCLOCK, 0, 0, 0); } +/* If the Host tells us we can trust the TSC, we use that, otherwise we simply + * use the imprecise but reliable "jiffies" counter. */ static cycle_t lguest_clock_read(void) { if (lguest_data.tsc_khz) @@ -454,12 +724,19 @@ static void lguest_time_irq(unsigned int irq, struct irq_desc *desc) local_irq_restore(flags); } +/* At some point in the boot process, we get asked to set up our timing + * infrastructure. The kernel doesn't expect timer interrupts before this, but + * we cleverly initialized the "blocked_interrupts" field of "struct + * lguest_data" so that timer interrupts were blocked until now. */ static void lguest_time_init(void) { + /* Set up the timer interrupt (0) to go to our simple timer routine */ set_irq_handler(0, lguest_time_irq); - /* We use the TSC if the Host tells us we can, otherwise a dumb - * jiffies-based clock. */ + /* Our clock structure look like arch/i386/kernel/tsc.c if we can use + * the TSC, otherwise it looks like kernel/time/jiffies.c. Either way, + * the "rating" is initialized so high that it's always chosen over any + * other clocksource. */ if (lguest_data.tsc_khz) { lguest_clock.shift = 22; lguest_clock.mult = clocksource_khz2mult(lguest_data.tsc_khz, @@ -475,13 +752,30 @@ static void lguest_time_init(void) clock_base = lguest_clock_read(); clocksource_register(&lguest_clock); - /* We can't set cpumask in the initializer: damn C limitations! */ + /* We can't set cpumask in the initializer: damn C limitations! Set it + * here and register our timer device. */ lguest_clockevent.cpumask = cpumask_of_cpu(0); clockevents_register_device(&lguest_clockevent); + /* Finally, we unblock the timer interrupt. */ enable_lguest_irq(0); } +/* + * Miscellaneous bits and pieces. + * + * Here is an oddball collection of functions which the Guest needs for things + * to work. They're pretty simple. + */ + +/* The Guest needs to tell the host what stack it expects traps to use. For + * native hardware, this is part of the Task State Segment mentioned above in + * lguest_load_tr_desc(), but to help hypervisors there's this special call. + * + * We tell the Host the segment we want to use (__KERNEL_DS is the kernel data + * segment), the privilege level (we're privilege level 1, the Host is 0 and + * will not tolerate us trying to use that), the stack pointer, and the number + * of pages in the stack. */ static void lguest_load_esp0(struct tss_struct *tss, struct thread_struct *thread) { @@ -489,15 +783,31 @@ static void lguest_load_esp0(struct tss_struct *tss, THREAD_SIZE/PAGE_SIZE); } +/* Let's just say, I wouldn't do debugging under a Guest. */ static void lguest_set_debugreg(int regno, unsigned long value) { /* FIXME: Implement */ } +/* There are times when the kernel wants to make sure that no memory writes are + * caught in the cache (that they've all reached real hardware devices). This + * doesn't matter for the Guest which has virtual hardware. + * + * On the Pentium 4 and above, cpuid() indicates that the Cache Line Flush + * (clflush) instruction is available and the kernel uses that. Otherwise, it + * uses the older "Write Back and Invalidate Cache" (wbinvd) instruction. + * Unlike clflush, wbinvd can only be run at privilege level 0. So we can + * ignore clflush, but replace wbinvd. + */ static void lguest_wbinvd(void) { } +/* If the Guest expects to have an Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller, + * we play dumb by ignoring writes and returning 0 for reads. So it's no + * longer Programmable nor Controlling anything, and I don't think 8 lines of + * code qualifies for Advanced. It will also never interrupt anything. It + * does, however, allow us to get through the Linux boot code. */ #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC static void lguest_apic_write(unsigned long reg, unsigned long v) { @@ -509,19 +819,32 @@ static unsigned long lguest_apic_read(unsigned long reg) } #endif +/* STOP! Until an interrupt comes in. */ static void lguest_safe_halt(void) { hcall(LHCALL_HALT, 0, 0, 0); } +/* Perhaps CRASH isn't the best name for this hypercall, but we use it to get a + * message out when we're crashing as well as elegant termination like powering + * off. + * + * Note that the Host always prefers that the Guest speak in physical addresses + * rather than virtual addresses, so we use __pa() here. */ static void lguest_power_off(void) { hcall(LHCALL_CRASH, __pa("Power down"), 0, 0); } +/* + * Panicing. + * + * Don't. But if you did, this is what happens. + */ static int lguest_panic(struct notifier_block *nb, unsigned long l, void *p) { hcall(LHCALL_CRASH, __pa(p), 0, 0); + /* The hcall won't return, but to keep gcc happy, we're "done". */ return NOTIFY_DONE; } @@ -529,15 +852,45 @@ static struct notifier_block paniced = { .notifier_call = lguest_panic }; +/* Setting up memory is fairly easy. */ static __init char *lguest_memory_setup(void) { - /* We do this here because lockcheck barfs if before start_kernel */ + /* We do this here and not earlier because lockcheck barfs if we do it + * before start_kernel() */ atomic_notifier_chain_register(&panic_notifier_list, &paniced); + /* The Linux bootloader header contains an "e820" memory map: the + * Launcher populated the first entry with our memory limit. */ add_memory_region(E820_MAP->addr, E820_MAP->size, E820_MAP->type); + + /* This string is for the boot messages. */ return "LGUEST"; } +/*G:050 + * Patching (Powerfully Placating Performance Pedants) + * + * We have already seen that "struct paravirt_ops" lets us replace simple + * native instructions with calls to the appropriate back end all throughout + * the kernel. This allows the same kernel to run as a Guest and as a native + * kernel, but it's slow because of all the indirect branches. + * + * Remember that David Wheeler quote about "Any problem in computer science can + * be solved with another layer of indirection"? The rest of that quote is + * "... But that usually will create another problem." This is the first of + * those problems. + * + * Our current solution is to allow the paravirt back end to optionally patch + * over the indirect calls to replace them with something more efficient. We + * patch the four most commonly called functions: disable interrupts, enable + * interrupts, restore interrupts and save interrupts. We usually have 10 + * bytes to patch into: the Guest versions of these operations are small enough + * that we can fit comfortably. + * + * First we need assembly templates of each of the patchable Guest operations, + * and these are in lguest_asm.S. */ + +/*G:060 We construct a table from the assembler templates: */ static const struct lguest_insns { const char *start, *end; @@ -547,35 +900,52 @@ static const struct lguest_insns [PARAVIRT_PATCH(restore_fl)] = { lgstart_popf, lgend_popf }, [PARAVIRT_PATCH(save_fl)] = { lgstart_pushf, lgend_pushf }, }; + +/* Now our patch routine is fairly simple (based on the native one in + * paravirt.c). If we have a replacement, we copy it in and return how much of + * the available space we used. */ static unsigned lguest_patch(u8 type, u16 clobber, void *insns, unsigned len) { unsigned int insn_len; - /* Don't touch it if we don't have a replacement */ + /* Don't do anything special if we don't have a replacement */ if (type >= ARRAY_SIZE(lguest_insns) || !lguest_insns[type].start) return paravirt_patch_default(type, clobber, insns, len); insn_len = lguest_insns[type].end - lguest_insns[type].start; - /* Similarly if we can't fit replacement. */ + /* Similarly if we can't fit replacement (shouldn't happen, but let's + * be thorough). */ if (len < insn_len) return paravirt_patch_default(type, clobber, insns, len); + /* Copy in our instructions. */ memcpy(insns, lguest_insns[type].start, insn_len); return insn_len; } +/*G:030 Once we get to lguest_init(), we know we're a Guest. The paravirt_ops + * structure in the kernel provides a single point for (almost) every routine + * we have to override to avoid privileged instructions. */ __init void lguest_init(void *boot) { - /* Copy boot parameters first. */ + /* Copy boot parameters first: the Launcher put the physical location + * in %esi, and head.S converted that to a virtual address and handed + * it to us. */ memcpy(&boot_params, boot, PARAM_SIZE); + /* The boot parameters also tell us where the command-line is: save + * that, too. */ memcpy(boot_command_line, __va(boot_params.hdr.cmd_line_ptr), COMMAND_LINE_SIZE); + /* We're under lguest, paravirt is enabled, and we're running at + * privilege level 1, not 0 as normal. */ paravirt_ops.name = "lguest"; paravirt_ops.paravirt_enabled = 1; paravirt_ops.kernel_rpl = 1; + /* We set up all the lguest overrides for sensitive operations. These + * are detailed with the operations themselves. */ paravirt_ops.save_fl = save_fl; paravirt_ops.restore_fl = restore_fl; paravirt_ops.irq_disable = irq_disable; @@ -619,20 +989,45 @@ __init void lguest_init(void *boot) paravirt_ops.set_lazy_mode = lguest_lazy_mode; paravirt_ops.wbinvd = lguest_wbinvd; paravirt_ops.sched_clock = lguest_sched_clock; - + /* Now is a good time to look at the implementations of these functions + * before returning to the rest of lguest_init(). */ + + /*G:070 Now we've seen all the paravirt_ops, we return to + * lguest_init() where the rest of the fairly chaotic boot setup + * occurs. + * + * The Host expects our first hypercall to tell it where our "struct + * lguest_data" is, so we do that first. */ hcall(LHCALL_LGUEST_INIT, __pa(&lguest_data), 0, 0); - /* We use top of mem for initial pagetables. */ + /* The native boot code sets up initial page tables immediately after + * the kernel itself, and sets init_pg_tables_end so they're not + * clobbered. The Launcher places our initial pagetables somewhere at + * the top of our physical memory, so we don't need extra space: set + * init_pg_tables_end to the end of the kernel. */ init_pg_tables_end = __pa(pg0); + /* Load the %fs segment register (the per-cpu segment register) with + * the normal data segment to get through booting. */ asm volatile ("mov %0, %%fs" : : "r" (__KERNEL_DS) : "memory"); + /* The Host uses the top of the Guest's virtual address space for the + * Host<->Guest Switcher, and it tells us how much it needs in + * lguest_data.reserve_mem, set up on the LGUEST_INIT hypercall. */ reserve_top_address(lguest_data.reserve_mem); + /* If we don't initialize the lock dependency checker now, it crashes + * paravirt_disable_iospace. */ lockdep_init(); + /* The IDE code spends about 3 seconds probing for disks: if we reserve + * all the I/O ports up front it can't get them and so doesn't probe. + * Other device drivers are similar (but less severe). This cuts the + * kernel boot time on my machine from 4.1 seconds to 0.45 seconds. */ paravirt_disable_iospace(); + /* This is messy CPU setup stuff which the native boot code does before + * start_kernel, so we have to do, too: */ cpu_detect(&new_cpu_data); /* head.S usually sets up the first capability word, so do it here. */ new_cpu_data.x86_capability[0] = cpuid_edx(1); @@ -643,14 +1038,27 @@ __init void lguest_init(void *boot) #ifdef CONFIG_X86_MCE mce_disabled = 1; #endif - #ifdef CONFIG_ACPI acpi_disabled = 1; acpi_ht = 0; #endif + /* We set the perferred console to "hvc". This is the "hypervisor + * virtual console" driver written by the PowerPC people, which we also + * adapted for lguest's use. */ add_preferred_console("hvc", 0, NULL); + /* Last of all, we set the power management poweroff hook to point to + * the Guest routine to power off. */ pm_power_off = lguest_power_off; + + /* Now we're set up, call start_kernel() in init/main.c and we proceed + * to boot as normal. It never returns. */ start_kernel(); } +/* + * This marks the end of stage II of our journey, The Guest. + * + * It is now time for us to explore the nooks and crannies of the three Guest + * devices and complete our understanding of the Guest in "make Drivers". + */ diff --git a/drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S b/drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S index a3dbf22ee36..3126ae923cc 100644 --- a/drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S +++ b/drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S @@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ #include <asm/thread_info.h> #include <asm/processor-flags.h> -/* - * This is where we begin: we have a magic signature which the launcher looks - * for. The plan is that the Linux boot protocol will be extended with a +/*G:020 This is where we begin: we have a magic signature which the launcher + * looks for. The plan is that the Linux boot protocol will be extended with a * "platform type" field which will guide us here from the normal entry point, - * but for the moment this suffices. We pass the virtual address of the boot - * info to lguest_init(). + * but for the moment this suffices. The normal boot code uses %esi for the + * boot header, so we do too. We convert it to a virtual address by adding + * PAGE_OFFSET, and hand it to lguest_init() as its argument (ie. %eax). * - * We put it in .init.text will be discarded after boot. - */ + * The .section line puts this code in .init.text so it will be discarded after + * boot. */ .section .init.text, "ax", @progbits .ascii "GenuineLguest" /* Set up initial stack. */ @@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ addl $__PAGE_OFFSET, %eax jmp lguest_init -/* The templates for inline patching. */ +/*G:055 We create a macro which puts the assembler code between lgstart_ and + * lgend_ markers. These templates end up in the .init.text section, so they + * are discarded after boot. */ #define LGUEST_PATCH(name, insns...) \ lgstart_##name: insns; lgend_##name:; \ .globl lgstart_##name; .globl lgend_##name @@ -30,24 +32,47 @@ LGUEST_PATCH(cli, movl $0, lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled) LGUEST_PATCH(sti, movl $X86_EFLAGS_IF, lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled) LGUEST_PATCH(popf, movl %eax, lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled) LGUEST_PATCH(pushf, movl lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled, %eax) +/*:*/ .text /* These demark the EIP range where host should never deliver interrupts. */ .global lguest_noirq_start .global lguest_noirq_end -/* - * We move eflags word to lguest_data.irq_enabled to restore interrupt state. - * For page faults, gpfs and virtual interrupts, the hypervisor has saved - * eflags manually, otherwise it was delivered directly and so eflags reflects - * the real machine IF state, ie. interrupts on. Since the kernel always dies - * if it takes such a trap with interrupts disabled anyway, turning interrupts - * back on unconditionally here is OK. - */ +/*G:045 There is one final paravirt_op that the Guest implements, and glancing + * at it you can see why I left it to last. It's *cool*! It's in *assembler*! + * + * The "iret" instruction is used to return from an interrupt or trap. The + * stack looks like this: + * old address + * old code segment & privilege level + * old processor flags ("eflags") + * + * The "iret" instruction pops those values off the stack and restores them all + * at once. The only problem is that eflags includes the Interrupt Flag which + * the Guest can't change: the CPU will simply ignore it when we do an "iret". + * So we have to copy eflags from the stack to lguest_data.irq_enabled before + * we do the "iret". + * + * There are two problems with this: firstly, we need to use a register to do + * the copy and secondly, the whole thing needs to be atomic. The first + * problem is easy to solve: push %eax on the stack so we can use it, and then + * restore it at the end just before the real "iret". + * + * The second is harder: copying eflags to lguest_data.irq_enabled will turn + * interrupts on before we're finished, so we could be interrupted before we + * return to userspace or wherever. Our solution to this is to surround the + * code with lguest_noirq_start: and lguest_noirq_end: labels. We tell the + * Host that it is *never* to interrupt us there, even if interrupts seem to be + * enabled. */ ENTRY(lguest_iret) pushl %eax movl 12(%esp), %eax lguest_noirq_start: + /* Note the %ss: segment prefix here. Normal data accesses use the + * "ds" segment, but that will have already been restored for whatever + * we're returning to (such as userspace): we can't trust it. The %ss: + * prefix makes sure we use the stack segment, which is still valid. */ movl %eax,%ss:lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled popl %eax iret diff --git a/include/linux/lguest.h b/include/linux/lguest.h index 500aace21ca..e76c151c712 100644 --- a/include/linux/lguest.h +++ b/include/linux/lguest.h @@ -27,18 +27,38 @@ #define LG_CLOCK_MIN_DELTA 100UL #define LG_CLOCK_MAX_DELTA ULONG_MAX +/*G:031 First, how does our Guest contact the Host to ask for privileged + * operations? There are two ways: the direct way is to make a "hypercall", + * to make requests of the Host Itself. + * + * Our hypercall mechanism uses the highest unused trap code (traps 32 and + * above are used by real hardware interrupts). Seventeen hypercalls are + * available: the hypercall number is put in the %eax register, and the + * arguments (when required) are placed in %edx, %ebx and %ecx. If a return + * value makes sense, it's returned in %eax. + * + * Grossly invalid calls result in Sudden Death at the hands of the vengeful + * Host, rather than returning failure. This reflects Winston Churchill's + * definition of a gentleman: "someone who is only rude intentionally". */ #define LGUEST_TRAP_ENTRY 0x1F static inline unsigned long hcall(unsigned long call, unsigned long arg1, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3) { + /* "int" is the Intel instruction to trigger a trap. */ asm volatile("int $" __stringify(LGUEST_TRAP_ENTRY) + /* The call is in %eax (aka "a"), and can be replaced */ : "=a"(call) + /* The other arguments are in %eax, %edx, %ebx & %ecx */ : "a"(call), "d"(arg1), "b"(arg2), "c"(arg3) + /* "memory" means this might write somewhere in memory. + * This isn't true for all calls, but it's safe to tell + * gcc that it might happen so it doesn't get clever. */ : "memory"); return call; } +/*:*/ void async_hcall(unsigned long call, unsigned long arg1, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3); @@ -52,31 +72,40 @@ struct hcall_ring u32 eax, edx, ebx, ecx; }; -/* All the good stuff happens here: guest registers it with LGUEST_INIT */ +/*G:032 The second method of communicating with the Host is to via "struct + * lguest_data". The Guest's very first hypercall is to tell the Host where + * this is, and then the Guest and Host both publish information in it. :*/ struct lguest_data { -/* Fields which change during running: */ - /* 512 == enabled (same as eflags) */ + /* 512 == enabled (same as eflags in normal hardware). The Guest + * changes interrupts so often that a hypercall is too slow. */ unsigned int irq_enabled; - /* Interrupts blocked by guest. */ + /* Fine-grained interrupt disabling by the Guest */ DECLARE_BITMAP(blocked_interrupts, LGUEST_IRQS); - /* Virtual address of page fault. */ + /* The Host writes the virtual address of the last page fault here, + * which saves the Guest a hypercall. CR2 is the native register where + * this address would normally be found. */ unsigned long cr2; - /* Async hypercall ring. 0xFF == done, 0 == pending. */ + /* Async hypercall ring. Instead of directly making hypercalls, we can + * place them in here for processing the next time the Host wants. + * This batching can be quite efficient. */ + + /* 0xFF == done (set by Host), 0 == pending (set by Guest). */ u8 hcall_status[LHCALL_RING_SIZE]; + /* The actual registers for the hypercalls. */ struct hcall_ring hcalls[LHCALL_RING_SIZE]; -/* Fields initialized by the hypervisor at boot: */ +/* Fields initialized by the Host at boot: */ /* Memory not to try to access */ unsigned long reserve_mem; - /* ID of this guest (used by network driver to set ethernet address) */ + /* ID of this Guest (used by network driver to set ethernet address) */ u16 guestid; /* KHz for the TSC clock. */ u32 tsc_khz; -/* Fields initialized by the guest at boot: */ +/* Fields initialized by the Guest at boot: */ /* Instruction range to suppress interrupts even if enabled */ unsigned long noirq_start, noirq_end; }; |